Load packages for the analysis using the “pacman” package
if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman")
## Loading required package: pacman
pacman::p_load(boot,MASS,readxl,plyr,ggplot2,lme4,lmerTest,lsmeans,gtsummary,ggthemes,patchwork,modelsummary,psych,
lavaan,semTools,semPlot,expss)
Set the working directory (i.e., where the data are stored)
setwd("~/Desktop/OneDrive - UBC/UK Biobank Greenspace Analysis")
Load the data set * Notes: + 1) This dataset has been reduced from the full UKB dataset to the primary variables of interest for this analysis.
fulldata<-read.csv("UKB_Fulldata_Sept27_2023.csv") #Data#
Change sex to male vs. female
fulldata$Sex[fulldata$Sex==1]<-"Male"
fulldata$Sex[fulldata$Sex==0]<-"Female"
Assessment centre
fulldata$Assessment_Centre<-NA
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11012]<-"Barts"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11021]<-"Birmingham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11011]<-"Bristol"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11008]<-"Bury"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11003]<-"Cardiff"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11024]<-"Cheadle (revisit)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11020]<-"Croydon"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11005]<-"Edinburgh"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11004]<-"Glasgow"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11018]<-"Hounslow"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11010]<-"Leeds"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11016]<-"Liverpool"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11001]<-"Manchester"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11017]<-"Middlesborough"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11009]<-"Newcastle"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11013]<-"Nottingham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11002]<-"Oxford"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11007]<-"Reading"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11014]<-"Sheffield"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==10003]<-"Stockport (pilot)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11006]<-"Stoke"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11022]<-"Swansea"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11023]<-"Wrexham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11025]<-"Cheadle (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11026]<-"Reading (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11027]<-"Newcastle (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11028]<-"Bristol (imaging)"
Length of time at current address (3 timepoints [T0, T2, T3]) * Recorded in whole years. -10: less than a year; -1: do not know; -3: prefer not to answer
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.0
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-3] <- NA
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.2
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-3] <- NA
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.3
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-3] <- NA
Household Income
fulldata$Income<-NA
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==1]<- "<18,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==2]<- "18,000-30,999 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==3]<- "31,000-51,999 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==4]<- "52,000-100,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==5]<- ">100,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income<=0]<- "Do not know or prefer not to answer"
Time spent outdoors (categorical variable)
#Time spent outdoors in summer (categorical)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer<-NA
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==0 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-10]<-"Less than 1 hour/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-3 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-1]<-"Do not know or prefer not to say"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=1 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer<7]<-"1-6 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=7 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer<13]<-"7-12 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=13]<-"13+ hours/day"
#Time spent outdoors in winter (categorical)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter<-NA
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==0 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-10]<-"Less than 1 hour/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-3 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-1]<-"Do not know or prefer not to say"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=1 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter<7]<-"1-6 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=7 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter<13]<-"7-12 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=13]<-"13+ hours/day"
Time spent outdoors (continuous variable)
#Time spent outdoors in summer (continuous)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont<-fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-10]<-0.5
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-1 | fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-3]<-NA
#Time spent outdoors in winter (continuous)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont<-fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-10]<-0.5
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-1 | fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-3]<-NA
#Time spent outdoors, averaged over summer and winter (continuous)
fulldata$Average_time_outdoors <- (fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont + fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont) / 2
Disability or infirmity status
fulldata$Disability<-NA
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"
Hearing difficulty status
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty<-NA
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==99]<-"Completely Deaf"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==1]<-"Difficulty Hearing"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==0]<-"No Difficulty"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"
Diabetes status
fulldata$Diabetes<-NA
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"
Cancer status
fulldata$Cancer<-NA
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"
Other serious medical condition status
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions<-NA
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"
Educational attainment
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==1]<-"College or University Degree"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==2]<-"A levels/AS levels or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==3]<-"O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==4]<-"CSEs or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==5]<-"National Vocational Qualification or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==6]<-"Other professional qualifications"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==-7]<-"None of the above"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
Employment status
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==1]<-"In paid employment or self-employed"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==2]<-"Retired"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==3]<-"Looking after home and/or family"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==4]<-"Unable to work because of sickness or disability"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==5]<-"Unemployed"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==6]<-"Doing unpaid or voluntary work"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==7]<-"Student"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==-7]<-"None of the above"
Eye problems (data only available from ~30,000 participants)
fulldata$Eye_problems<-NA
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==1 | fulldata$Eye.problems==2 | fulldata$Eye.problems==3 | fulldata$Eye.problems==4 | fulldata$Eye.problems==5 | fulldata$Eye.problems==6]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-7]<-"No"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-1]<-"Do not know"
Cardiovascular disease status
#Cardiovascular Disease
fulldata$CVD_problems<-NA
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==1 |fulldata$CVD.problems==2 | fulldata$CVD.problems==3 |
fulldata$CVD.problems==4]<-"Yes"
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==-7]<-"No"
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
Blood clots, allergies, and breathing problems status
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies<-NA
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==5 | fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==7 |
fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==6 |fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==8 |
fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==9]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==-7] <- "No"
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==-3] <- "Prefer not to answer"
Alcohol consumption
fulldata$Alcohol<-NA
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==0]<-"Never"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==1]<-"Previous drinker"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==2]<-"Current drinker"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
Smoking status
fulldata$Smoking<-NA
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==0]<-"Never"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==1]<-"Previous Smoker"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==2]<-"Current Smoker"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
Home area population density
fulldata$Population_density<-NA
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==1 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==5 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==11 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==12]<-"Urban area"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==2 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==6 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==13]<-"Town"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==3 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==4 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==7 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==8 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density>=14]<-"Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==9]<-"Postcode not linkable"
Bipolar/Depression Status
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression<-NA
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==0]<-"No Bipolar or Depression"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==1 |
fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==2]<-"Bipolar Disorder"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==3 |
fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==4]<-"Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==5]<-"Probable Single Major Depressive Episode"
Ethnicity/Race
fulldata$Race<-NA
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==1001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==1002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==1003]<-"White"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==2001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2003 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2004]<-"Mixed"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==3001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3003 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3004]<-"Asian or Asian British"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==4001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==4002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==4003]<-"Black or Black British"
Age
fulldata$Age<-fulldata$Baseline.Age
Physical Activity Variables * Note: Summed_PA_min is PER DAY * Walking, Moderate PA, and Vigorous PA values are MET min/week. IPAQ conversion is: Walking = 3.3 METs, Moderate PA = 4.0 METs, and Vigorous PA = 8.0 METs
fulldata$Summed_PA_min<-fulldata$Summed.minutes.week.of.PA
fulldata$Summed_walking_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.walking
fulldata$Summed_moderate_PA_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.moderate.PA
fulldata$Summed_vigorous_PA_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.vigorous.PA
fulldata$Summed_PA_MET_min<- (fulldata$Summed_walking_min + fulldata$Summed_moderate_PA_min + fulldata$Summed_vigorous_PA_min)
Index of Multiple Deprivation
fulldata$Deprivation_Index<-NA
fulldata$Deprivation_Index[!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) & is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England
## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length
fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland
## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length
fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) &
!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales
## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length
Neuropsychological testing variables * “DSST” actually refers to Symbol Digit (not Digit Symbol) Substitution test * For Pairs Matching, index 1 refers to the second round of the test, involving 6 pairs of cards.
#Pairs Matching Score - this code corrected Jan. 9, 2025
fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct<-NA
fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1)]<-fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1
## Warning in
## fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1)] <-
## fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1: number of items to replace is not a multiple
## of replacement length
fulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect<-NA
fulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1)]<-fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1
## Warning in
## fulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1)]
## <- fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1: number of items to replace is not a
## multiple of replacement length
#Trails B-A
fulldata$Trails_B_A<- fulldata$Trails.B.Time - fulldata$Trails.A.Time
#Symbol Digit Substitution Score
fulldata$Symbol.Digit<-fulldata$DSST.Total.Score
#Fluid Intelligence Score
fulldata$Fluid_intelligence<-fulldata$Fluid.Intellgence.Score
#Numeric Memory Score
fulldata$Numeric_memory<-fulldata$Numeric.Memory.Score
Greenspace and environmental variables (T0)
#Greenspace percentage
fulldata$Greenspace_pcnt_1000m<-fulldata$Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0
fulldata$Greenspace_pcnt_300m<-fulldata$Greenspace.percentage.300m.0
#Natural Environment percentage
fulldata$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m<-fulldata$Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0
fulldata$Natural_environment_pcnt_300m<-fulldata$Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0
Brain volumes variables (2 timepoints [T2, T3]) * Using “Volumetric scaling from T1 image to standard space”, we calculated HPC volumes adjusted for head size.
#Grey matter volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#Grey matter volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_unadjusted_T2<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_unadjusted_T3<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.3
#White matter volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#White matter volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$White_matter_volume_unadjusted_T2<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$White_matter_volume_unadjusted_T3<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.3
#Total brain volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#Total brain volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume.unadjusted.3
#Hippocampal volume (Left Hemisphere; unadjusted)
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- fulldata$Left.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- fulldata$Left.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
#Hippocampal volume (Left Hemisphere; adjusted for head size)
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.2
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.3
#Hippocampal volume (Right Hemisphere; unadjusted)
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- fulldata$Right.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- fulldata$Right.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.3
#Hippocampal volume (Right Hemisphere; adjusted for head size)
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.2
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.3
#Average hippocampal volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2)/2
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3)/2
#Average hippocampal volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2)/2
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3)/2
#Total white matter hyperintensity volume
fulldata$Total_WMH_volume_T2<-fulldata$Total.volume.of.white.matter.hyperintensities.2
fulldata$Total_WMH_volume_T3<-fulldata$Total.volume.of.white.matter.hyperintensities.3
First, only participants without stroke, Parkinson’s, or dementia are included (N=483,664)
included<-subset(fulldata, grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) &
CVD.problems!=3)
length(included$ID)
## [1] 483664
*Note: Counts for “included” and “excluded” do not sum to “fulldata” because missing (NA) values for CVD.problems will return false for both CVD.problems!=3 and CVD.problems==3. Therefore, adjust “included” to also include those with NA for CVD.problems.
included2<-subset(fulldata, grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) & (CVD.problems!=3 | is.na(CVD.problems)))
length(included2$ID)
## [1] 484559
Excluded participants (N=17,863)
Excluded<-subset(fulldata, !grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) | !grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) | !grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) |
CVD.problems==3)
length(Excluded$ID)
## [1] 17863
For the combined cognitive and brain analysis, only participants with complete cognitive and brain data were included (N= 17,494)
CogsBrain<- subset(included, !is.na(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2) & !is.na(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2) &
!is.na(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2) &
!is.na(Trails_B_A) & !is.na(Symbol.Digit) &
!is.na(Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0) & !is.na(Greenspace.percentage.300m.0) &
!is.na(Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0) & !is.na(Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0))
length(CogsBrain$ID)
## [1] 17494
For the final analytical sample, only participants with complete cognitive, brain, and covariate data were included (N=11,448) * Observations were excluded if any values for the above were: NA, “Do not know or prefer not to answer”,“Do not know or prefer not to say”,“Don’t know or prefer not to answer”,“Prefer not to answer”, “Do not know”, “Postcode not linkable”.
#include observations if the values are not missing
CogsBrainCov <- included[!apply(included[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit","Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0","Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(CogsBrainCov$ID)
## [1] 11448
*Adjusted final analytical sample, starting from “included2”. Luckily, this leads to the same final sample as that derived from “included”, so no further adjustments need to be made.
#include observations if the values are not missing
CogsBrainCov2 <- included2[!apply(included2[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit","Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0","Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(CogsBrainCov2$ID)
## [1] 11448
Check distribution of missing data across nature exposure, brain structure, cognitive functions, and covariates
#missing nature exposure
missingNature <- included2[apply(included2[c("Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingNature$ID)
## [1] 59343
#missing brain structure
missingBrain <- included2[apply(included2[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingBrain$ID)
## [1] 442279
#missing cognitive function
missingCog <- included2[apply(included2[c("Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingCog$ID)
## [1] 384875
#missing covariates
missingCovars <- included2[apply(included2[c("Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingCovars$ID)
## [1] 243648
These are the simplified data sets we’ll be using for 1) the full data set (i.e., all ~500,000 participants), 2) participants with both cognitive and brain data (N= 17,494), and 3) participants with cognitive, brain, and covariate data (N= 11,448).
Full.df<-fulldata[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
CogsBrain.df<-CogsBrain[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
CogsBrainCov.df<-CogsBrainCov[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
#Adding the other 3 cognitive function tests
CogsPlusBrainCov.df <- CogsBrainCov[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,124,125,121,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
This step creates variable labels that are easy to understand in the data output.
Full.df = apply_labels(Full.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)
CogsBrainCov.df = apply_labels(CogsBrainCov.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)
CogsPlusBrainCov.df = apply_labels(CogsPlusBrainCov.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Fluid_intelligence = "Fluid intelligence (correct answers)",
Numeric_memory = "Numeric memory (maximum digits recalled)",
Pairs_matching_incorrect = "Pairs matching (incorrect matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)
This step will summarize participant characteristics for the full data set, as compared to the final analytical data set
Full.df$included<-"All participants"
CogsBrain.df$included<-"Participants with both brain and cognitive data"
CogsBrainCov.df$included<-"Participants with brain, cognitive, and covariate data"
Tableone.df<-rbind(Full.df,CogsBrainCov.df)
vars<- Tableone.df %>% select(c(2:43,50))
vars %>% tbl_summary(
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2,
by = included
)
| Characteristic | All participants, N = 502,4221 | Participants with brain, cognitive, and covariate data, N = 11,4481 |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.53 (8.10) | 54.95 (7.46) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 273,332 (54%) | 5,784 (51%) |
| Male | 229,089 (46%) | 5,664 (49%) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m^2) | 27.43 (4.80) | 26.38 (4.22) |
| Unknown | 3,105 | 0 |
| Race | ||
| Asian or Asian British | 9,836 (2.0%) | 81 (0.7%) |
| Black or Black British | 8,031 (1.6%) | 52 (0.5%) |
| Mixed | 2,905 (0.6%) | 40 (0.4%) |
| White | 472,055 (96%) | 11,171 (98%) |
| Unknown | 9,595 | 104 |
| Household Income | ||
| <18,000 GBP | 97,182 (20%) | 1,201 (10%) |
| >100,000 GBP | 22,928 (4.6%) | 972 (8.5%) |
| 18,000-30,999 GBP | 108,161 (22%) | 2,471 (22%) |
| 31,000-51,999 GBP | 110,754 (22%) | 3,499 (31%) |
| 52,000-100,000 GBP | 86,251 (17%) | 3,305 (29%) |
| Do not know or prefer not to answer | 71,134 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 6,012 | 0 |
| Education | ||
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 55,314 (11%) | 1,574 (14%) |
| College or University Degree | 161,132 (32%) | 6,020 (53%) |
| CSEs or equivalent | 26,885 (5.4%) | 353 (3.1%) |
| National Vocational Qualification or equivalent | 32,724 (6.6%) | 526 (4.6%) |
| None of the above | 85,260 (17%) | 405 (3.5%) |
| O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent | 105,178 (21%) | 2,083 (18%) |
| Other professional qualifications | 25,799 (5.2%) | 487 (4.3%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 5,490 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 4,640 | 0 |
| Employment | ||
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 2,327 (0.5%) | 55 (0.5%) |
| In paid employment or self-employed | 287,090 (57%) | 7,878 (69%) |
| Looking after home and/or family | 13,855 (2.8%) | 276 (2.4%) |
| None of the above | 2,800 (0.6%) | 36 (0.3%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 2,079 (0.4%) | 4 (<0.1%) |
| Retired | 166,970 (33%) | 2,943 (26%) |
| Student | 1,343 (0.3%) | 40 (0.3%) |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 16,824 (3.4%) | 86 (0.8%) |
| Unemployed | 8,263 (1.6%) | 130 (1.1%) |
| Unknown | 871 | 0 |
| Alcohol drinking status | ||
| Current drinker | 460,292 (92%) | 10,985 (96%) |
| Never | 22,382 (4.5%) | 227 (2.0%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 755 (0.2%) | 1 (<0.1%) |
| Previous drinker | 18,095 (3.6%) | 235 (2.1%) |
| Unknown | 898 | 0 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current Smoker | 52,963 (11%) | 681 (5.9%) |
| Never | 273,482 (55%) | 6,909 (60%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 2,057 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Previous Smoker | 173,028 (35%) | 3,858 (34%) |
| Unknown | 892 | 0 |
| Living with cardiovascular disease | ||
| No | 350,901 (70%) | 9,169 (80%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1,293 (0.3%) | 4 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 149,298 (30%) | 2,275 (20%) |
| Unknown | 930 | 0 |
| Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma | ||
| No | 339,508 (68%) | 7,701 (67%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1,209 (0.2%) | 3 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 160,773 (32%) | 3,744 (33%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Living with diabetes mellitus | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 1,684 (0.3%) | 5 (<0.1%) |
| No | 473,411 (94%) | 11,194 (98%) |
| Yes | 26,395 (5.3%) | 249 (2.2%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Living with or previously had cancer | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 1,843 (0.4%) | 12 (0.1%) |
| No | 461,034 (92%) | 10,806 (94%) |
| Yes | 38,613 (7.7%) | 630 (5.5%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Hearing problems | ||
| Completely Deaf | 130 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Difficulty Hearing | 122,021 (25%) | 2,611 (23%) |
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 20,275 (4.1%) | 359 (3.1%) |
| No Difficulty | 355,307 (71%) | 8,478 (74%) |
| Unknown | 4,689 | 0 |
| Eye problems | ||
| Do not know | 4,839 (2.8%) | 42 (1.0%) |
| No | 132,123 (76%) | 3,379 (84%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 410 (0.2%) | 2 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 37,209 (21%) | 590 (15%) |
| Unknown | 327,841 | 7,435 |
| Living with a disability or long-term illness | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 12,437 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| No | 329,196 (66%) | 8,825 (77%) |
| Yes | 159,870 (32%) | 2,623 (23%) |
| Unknown | 919 | 0 |
| Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 1,615 (1.3%) | 29 (0.9%) |
| No Bipolar or Depression | 89,510 (73%) | 2,266 (71%) |
| Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder | 23,907 (19%) | 668 (21%) |
| Probable Single Major Depressive Episode | 7,922 (6.4%) | 221 (6.9%) |
| Unknown | 379,468 | 8,264 |
| Living with another serious medical condition | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 9,715 (1.9%) | 110 (1.0%) |
| No | 391,784 (78%) | 9,523 (83%) |
| Yes | 99,991 (20%) | 1,815 (16%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Total physical activity (min/day) | 127.10 (101.90) | 119.09 (88.94) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Total walking (MET min/week) | 1,039.59 (1,086.18) | 914.52 (981.18) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Total physical activity (MET min/week) | 2,650.26 (2,713.19) | 2,366.74 (2,285.89) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day) | 3.80 (2.40) | 3.21 (2.10) |
| Unknown | 33,641 | 0 |
| Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day) | 1.95 (1.81) | 1.55 (1.36) |
| Unknown | 33,848 | 0 |
| Average time outdoors (hours/day) | 2.88 (1.93) | 2.38 (1.59) |
| Unknown | 39,961 | 0 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | 17.67 (14.02) | 17.97 (14.28) |
| Unknown | 126,392 | 0 |
| Home area population density | ||
| Postcode not linkable | 18 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Town | 33,850 (6.8%) | 909 (7.9%) |
| Urban area | 428,714 (86%) | 9,509 (83%) |
| Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area | 34,790 (7.0%) | 1,030 (9.0%) |
| Unknown | 5,050 | 0 |
| Trail making test (B-A; sec) | 27.61 (20.50) | 25.56 (18.38) |
| Unknown | 398,406 | 0 |
| Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches) | 19.68 (5.24) | 20.67 (4.81) |
| Unknown | 383,971 | 0 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 40.52 (25.60) | 44.28 (26.05) |
| Unknown | 4,961 | 0 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 26.09 (25.10) | 29.47 (26.59) |
| Unknown | 4,961 | 0 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 44.99 (21.63) | 47.52 (22.29) |
| Unknown | 61,625 | 0 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 35.27 (23.22) | 37.82 (24.34) |
| Unknown | 61,625 | 0 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 791,149.64 (48,503.01) | 791,993.42 (47,912.11) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 790,640.69 (46,540.19) | 789,019.68 (45,362.53) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 701,097.97 (41,152.31) | 701,963.64 (40,585.11) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 696,313.45 (40,518.46) | 697,239.58 (40,246.94) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 | 1,159,724.15 (111,640.01) | 1,169,325.68 (109,392.72) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 | 1,156,133.83 (112,200.87) | 1,163,884.13 (109,606.16) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 4,942.63 (579.44) | 4,944.39 (574.14) |
| Unknown | 459,631 | 6 |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 4,965.26 (553.17) | 4,931.22 (548.44) |
| Unknown | 499,130 | 10,422 |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3) | 5,149.16 (6,794.83) | 4,876.50 (6,376.73) |
| Unknown | 460,983 | 395 |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3) | 5,494.23 (6,788.72) | 5,451.51 (6,405.32) |
| Unknown | 499,010 | 10,427 |
| 1 Mean (SD); n (%) | ||
Table for cognitive+brain+covariate subset, stratified by sex
tbl_summary(
select(CogsBrainCov.df, c(2:43)),
by = "Sex",
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2
) %>%
add_p(test = list(all_continuous() ~ "t.test",
all_categorical() ~ "chisq.test"))
## Warning for variable 'Employment':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = c("In paid employment or self-employed", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
## Warning for variable 'Alcohol':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("Current drinker", "Current drinker", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
## Warning for variable 'CVD_problems':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("No", "No", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
## Warning for variable 'Clots_Asthma_Allergies':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
## Warning for variable 'Diabetes':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("No", "No", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
## Warning for variable 'Eye_problems':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c(NA, NA, "No", NA, NA, NA, "Yes", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
| Characteristic | Female, N = 5,7841 | Male, N = 5,6641 | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.84 (7.21) | 56.08 (7.54) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m^2) | 25.93 (4.56) | 26.84 (3.78) | <0.001 |
| Race | 0.13 | ||
| Asian or Asian British | 33 (0.6%) | 48 (0.9%) | |
| Black or Black British | 28 (0.5%) | 24 (0.4%) | |
| Mixed | 25 (0.4%) | 15 (0.3%) | |
| White | 5,645 (98%) | 5,526 (98%) | |
| Unknown | 53 | 51 | |
| Household Income | <0.001 | ||
| <18,000 GBP | 694 (12%) | 507 (9.0%) | |
| >100,000 GBP | 471 (8.1%) | 501 (8.8%) | |
| 18,000-30,999 GBP | 1,375 (24%) | 1,096 (19%) | |
| 31,000-51,999 GBP | 1,733 (30%) | 1,766 (31%) | |
| 52,000-100,000 GBP | 1,511 (26%) | 1,794 (32%) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 876 (15%) | 698 (12%) | |
| College or University Degree | 2,947 (51%) | 3,073 (54%) | |
| CSEs or equivalent | 173 (3.0%) | 180 (3.2%) | |
| National Vocational Qualification or equivalent | 155 (2.7%) | 371 (6.6%) | |
| None of the above | 176 (3.0%) | 229 (4.0%) | |
| O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent | 1,147 (20%) | 936 (17%) | |
| Other professional qualifications | 310 (5.4%) | 177 (3.1%) | |
| Employment | <0.001 | ||
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 39 (0.7%) | 16 (0.3%) | |
| In paid employment or self-employed | 4,054 (70%) | 3,824 (68%) | |
| Looking after home and/or family | 257 (4.4%) | 19 (0.3%) | |
| None of the above | 17 (0.3%) | 19 (0.3%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 3 (<0.1%) | 1 (<0.1%) | |
| Retired | 1,297 (22%) | 1,646 (29%) | |
| Student | 23 (0.4%) | 17 (0.3%) | |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 44 (0.8%) | 42 (0.7%) | |
| Unemployed | 50 (0.9%) | 80 (1.4%) | |
| Alcohol drinking status | <0.001 | ||
| Current drinker | 5,507 (95%) | 5,478 (97%) | |
| Never | 141 (2.4%) | 86 (1.5%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 1 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Previous drinker | 135 (2.3%) | 100 (1.8%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Current Smoker | 297 (5.1%) | 384 (6.8%) | |
| Never | 3,667 (63%) | 3,242 (57%) | |
| Previous Smoker | 1,820 (31%) | 2,038 (36%) | |
| Living with cardiovascular disease | <0.001 | ||
| No | 4,904 (85%) | 4,265 (75%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| Yes | 878 (15%) | 1,397 (25%) | |
| Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma | 0.10 | ||
| No | 3,838 (66%) | 3,863 (68%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 1 (<0.1%) | |
| Yes | 1,944 (34%) | 1,800 (32%) | |
| Living with diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 3 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| No | 5,701 (99%) | 5,493 (97%) | |
| Yes | 80 (1.4%) | 169 (3.0%) | |
| Living with or previously had cancer | <0.001 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 10 (0.2%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| No | 5,402 (93%) | 5,404 (95%) | |
| Yes | 372 (6.4%) | 258 (4.6%) | |
| Hearing problems | <0.001 | ||
| Difficulty Hearing | 1,110 (19%) | 1,501 (27%) | |
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 212 (3.7%) | 147 (2.6%) | |
| No Difficulty | 4,462 (77%) | 4,016 (71%) | |
| Eye problems | 0.4 | ||
| Do not know | 19 (0.9%) | 23 (1.1%) | |
| No | 1,702 (85%) | 1,677 (84%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Yes | 288 (14%) | 302 (15%) | |
| Unknown | 3,773 | 3,662 | |
| Living with a disability or long-term illness | 1,203 (21%) | 1,420 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression | <0.001 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 15 (1.0%) | 14 (0.9%) | |
| No Bipolar or Depression | 1,013 (64%) | 1,253 (78%) | |
| Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder | 426 (27%) | 242 (15%) | |
| Probable Single Major Depressive Episode | 118 (7.5%) | 103 (6.4%) | |
| Unknown | 4,212 | 4,052 | |
| Living with another serious medical condition | 0.015 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 69 (1.2%) | 41 (0.7%) | |
| No | 4,826 (83%) | 4,697 (83%) | |
| Yes | 889 (15%) | 926 (16%) | |
| Total physical activity (min/day) | 118.56 (87.26) | 119.63 (90.64) | 0.5 |
| Total walking (MET min/week) | 955.67 (1,008.90) | 872.49 (950.28) | <0.001 |
| Total physical activity (MET min/week) | 2,344.11 (2,219.79) | 2,389.84 (2,351.44) | 0.3 |
| Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day) | 3.01 (1.92) | 3.41 (2.25) | <0.001 |
| Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day) | 1.34 (1.13) | 1.76 (1.54) | <0.001 |
| Average time outdoors (hours/day) | 2.18 (1.37) | 2.58 (1.75) | <0.001 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | 17.80 (14.39) | 18.14 (14.16) | 0.2 |
| Home area population density | 0.6 | ||
| Town | 445 (7.7%) | 464 (8.2%) | |
| Urban area | 4,819 (83%) | 4,690 (83%) | |
| Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area | 520 (9.0%) | 510 (9.0%) | |
| Trail making test (B-A; sec) | 25.11 (18.79) | 26.02 (17.95) | 0.009 |
| Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches) | 20.91 (5.01) | 20.42 (4.58) | <0.001 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 43.63 (26.24) | 44.94 (25.85) | 0.007 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 29.06 (26.66) | 29.90 (26.52) | 0.094 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 47.03 (22.45) | 48.01 (22.11) | 0.018 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 37.65 (24.49) | 37.99 (24.18) | 0.5 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 808,447.68 (45,431.69) | 775,190.56 (44,424.10) | <0.001 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 803,305.51 (43,412.76) | 774,452.62 (42,628.54) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 699,249.63 (40,299.93) | 704,735.15 (40,691.43) | <0.001 |
| White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 694,588.97 (39,844.63) | 699,942.36 (40,513.84) | 0.033 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 | 1,113,341.30 (89,927.24) | 1,226,496.17 (97,266.10) | <0.001 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 | 1,105,948.20 (85,621.28) | 1,222,960.53 (99,427.20) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 5,108.73 (522.77) | 4,776.51 (575.74) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 2 | 4 | |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 5,087.17 (497.40) | 4,772.20 (552.84) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3) | 4,283.16 (5,752.85) | 5,484.30 (6,905.91) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 191 | 204 | |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3) | 4,695.93 (5,419.46) | 6,223.54 (7,199.99) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,268 | 5,159 | |
| 1 Mean (SD); n (%) | |||
| 2 Welch Two Sample t-test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
First, this step recodes our covariates of interest into scales which are easier to interpret in a regression. Important notes: 1. Every unit of age represents 10 years above the mean age 2. Every unit of BMI represents 5 kg/m^2 above the mean BMI 3. Every unit of natural environment represents a %10 increase in natural environment 4. Brain volumes are reformatted to cubic centimeters (cm^3) 5. Education kept as nominal.
library(dplyr)
##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:expss':
##
## compute, contains, na_if, recode, vars, where
## The following objects are masked from 'package:maditr':
##
## between, coalesce, first, last
## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
##
## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
## summarize
## The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
##
## select
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
CogsBrainCov.df2<-CogsBrainCov.df %>%
mutate(Age = scale(Age, scale=FALSE)/10,
Sex = recode(Sex,
"Female" = 0.5,
"Male" = -0.5),
BMI = scale(BMI, scale=FALSE)/5,
Race = recode(Race,
"White" = 0.5,
"Mixed" = -0.5,
"Black or Black British"= -0.5,
"Asian or Asian British"= -0.5),
Income = as.numeric(factor(Income,
levels = c("<18,000 GBP","18,000-30,999 GBP","31,000-51,999 GBP","52,000-100,000 GBP",">100,000 GBP"))),
Disability = recode(Disability,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Diabetes = recode(Diabetes,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
CVD_problems = recode(CVD_problems,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Cancer = recode(Cancer,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Other_medical_conditions = recode(Other_medical_conditions,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Alcohol = as.numeric(factor(Alcohol,
levels = c("Never","Previous drinker","Current drinker"))),
Smoking = as.numeric(factor(Smoking,
levels = c("Never", "Previous Smoker", "Current Smoker"))),
Population_density = as.numeric(factor(Population_density,
levels = c("Urban area", "Town", "Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"))),
Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m/10,
Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_1000m/10,
Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_300m/10,
Greenspace_300m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_300m/10,
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Total_WMH_volume_T2_cm3 = Total_WMH_volume_T2/1000
)
## Warning: There were 4 warnings in `mutate()`.
## The first warning was:
## ℹ In argument: `Diabetes = recode(Diabetes, Yes = 1, No = 0)`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! Unreplaced values treated as NA as `.x` is not compatible.
## Please specify replacements exhaustively or supply `.default`.
## ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 3 remaining warnings.
detach(package:dplyr,unload=TRUE)
## Warning: 'dplyr' namespace cannot be unloaded:
## namespace 'dplyr' is imported by 'tidyr', 'broom.helpers', 'broom', 'gt', 'gtsummary' so cannot be unloaded
Repeating above step for separate dataset with the additional cognitive outcomes
library(dplyr)
##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:expss':
##
## compute, contains, na_if, recode, vars, where
## The following objects are masked from 'package:maditr':
##
## between, coalesce, first, last
## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
##
## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
## summarize
## The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
##
## select
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
CogsPlusBrainCov.df2<-CogsPlusBrainCov.df %>%
mutate(Age = scale(Age, scale=FALSE)/10,
Sex = recode(Sex,
"Female" = 0.5,
"Male" = -0.5),
BMI = scale(BMI, scale=FALSE)/5,
Race = recode(Race,
"White" = 0.5,
"Mixed" = -0.5,
"Black or Black British"= -0.5,
"Asian or Asian British"= -0.5),
Income = as.numeric(factor(Income,
levels = c("<18,000 GBP","18,000-30,999 GBP","31,000-51,999 GBP","52,000-100,000 GBP",">100,000 GBP"))),
Disability = recode(Disability,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Diabetes = recode(Diabetes,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
CVD_problems = recode(CVD_problems,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Cancer = recode(Cancer,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Other_medical_conditions = recode(Other_medical_conditions,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Alcohol = as.numeric(factor(Alcohol,
levels = c("Never","Previous drinker","Current drinker"))),
Smoking = as.numeric(factor(Smoking,
levels = c("Never", "Previous Smoker", "Current Smoker"))),
Population_density = as.numeric(factor(Population_density,
levels = c("Urban area", "Town", "Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"))),
Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m/10,
Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_1000m/10,
Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_300m/10,
Greenspace_300m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_300m/10,
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Total_WMH_volume_T2_cm3 = Total_WMH_volume_T2/1000
)
## Warning: There were 4 warnings in `mutate()`.
## The first warning was:
## ℹ In argument: `Diabetes = recode(Diabetes, Yes = 1, No = 0)`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! Unreplaced values treated as NA as `.x` is not compatible.
## Please specify replacements exhaustively or supply `.default`.
## ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 3 remaining warnings.
detach(package:dplyr,unload=TRUE)
## Warning: 'dplyr' namespace cannot be unloaded:
## namespace 'dplyr' is imported by 'tidyr', 'broom.helpers', 'broom', 'gt', 'gtsummary' so cannot be unloaded
Define function to get both model summary and confidence interval
summary_confint <- function(model) {
list(summary(model), confint(model))
}
Define function for regression model assumption checks
# Install package for Durbin-Watson test
options(repos = c(CRAN = "https://cran.r-project.org"))
install.packages(c("lmtest", "gvlma"))
##
## The downloaded binary packages are in
## /var/folders/4k/nmtv694x34xfs4q3zzfbb42c0000gn/T//RtmpMn7uoA/downloaded_packages
library("lmtest")
## Loading required package: zoo
##
## Attaching package: 'zoo'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.Date, as.Date.numeric
library("gvlma")
model_diagnostics <- function(model, bin_width=1) {
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot for linearity, normality, equivariance
# Normal Q-Q plot for normality
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot for influential outliers
plot(model, which = c(1,2,5))
# Histogram of residuals for normality
hist(residuals(model), breaks = seq(floor(min(residuals(model))), ceiling(max(residuals(model))), by = bin_width))
# Durbin-Watson test for independent errors
print(dwtest(model))
# Test skewness, kurtosis, equivariance
gvlma(model)
# Test multicollinearity among predictors (in interaction models) and among covariates?
#vif(model)
}
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.826, -10.244, -2.518, 6.972, 176.386
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 28.03101
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.13556
## Age 4.20655
## Sex 0.11482
## BMI 0.14804
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.62606
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.52109
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.07579
## EducationNone of the above 10.33207
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.83526
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.61424
## Income -0.92886
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.74431
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.07472
## Age 0.23833
## Sex 0.34262
## BMI 0.19886
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50707
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05004
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90017
## EducationNone of the above 1.00489
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59534
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92460
## Income 0.16232
## t value
## (Intercept) 37.661
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.814
## Age 17.650
## Sex 0.335
## BMI 0.744
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.235
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.306
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.861
## EducationNone of the above 10.282
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.083
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.909
## Income -5.722
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.06967
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.73753
## BMI 0.45662
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.21698
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.68e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.17e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00206
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.32e-05
## Income 1.08e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06947, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06857
## F-statistic: 77.61 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model5b1 <- lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model5b1)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -135.169, -10.202, -2.522, 6.951, 175.454
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.319623
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.197120
## Age 4.104806
## Sex 0.264749
## BMI 0.186970
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.524792
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.177148
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.827414
## EducationNone of the above 9.856431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.704935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.547735
## Income -0.843623
## Average_time_outdoors 0.302325
## Summed_PA_min 0.003392
## Smoking 0.640837
## Disability -0.065834
## Deprivation_Index -0.037773
## Population_density 0.313549
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.956701
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.100993
## Age 0.240122
## Sex 0.345732
## BMI 0.201118
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507443
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052248
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900846
## EducationNone of the above 1.009772
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595634
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924042
## Income 0.164391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117249
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277485
## Disability 0.399969
## Deprivation_Index 0.011608
## Population_density 0.368474
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.511
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.952
## Age 17.095
## Sex 0.766
## BMI 0.930
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.034
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.970
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.579
## EducationNone of the above 9.761
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.862
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.839
## Income -5.132
## Average_time_outdoors 2.578
## Summed_PA_min 1.679
## Smoking 2.309
## Disability -0.165
## Deprivation_Index -3.254
## Population_density 0.851
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.050984
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.443832
## BMI 0.352571
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.301070
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.24e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.75e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004212
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000124
## Income 2.92e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009936
## Summed_PA_min 0.093248
## Smoking 0.020937
## Disability 0.869263
## Deprivation_Index 0.001141
## Population_density 0.394821
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07202, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07064
## F-statistic: 52.18 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model5b1,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.3950822 0.0008430974
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model5b1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9622, p-value = 0.02151
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 26.319623
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## -0.197120
## Age
## 4.104806
## Sex
## 0.264749
## BMI
## 0.186970
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -0.524792
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 4.177148
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 6.827414
## EducationNone of the above
## 9.856431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.704935
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 3.547735
## Income
## -0.843623
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.302325
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.003392
## Smoking
## 0.640837
## Disability
## -0.065834
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.037773
## Population_density
## 0.313549
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 33417.89 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 3888.10 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 29462.90 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 42.34 7.659e-11 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 24.54 7.270e-07 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, minor heteroskedasticity
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no outliers of major concern
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal, maybe slight positive skew
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal and heteroskedastic
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.396, -2.478, 0.297, 2.805, 63.13
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.356208
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.070807
## Age -2.414212
## Sex 0.020358
## BMI 0.002831
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.310574
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.306249
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.894890
## EducationNone of the above -1.596697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.460649
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.144700
## Income 0.356857
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.181365
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.018207
## Age 0.058075
## Sex 0.083486
## BMI 0.048457
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123557
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255864
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219343
## EducationNone of the above 0.244862
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145066
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225297
## Income 0.039552
## t value
## (Intercept) 106.725
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.889
## Age -41.571
## Sex 0.244
## BMI 0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.514
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.105
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.080
## EducationNone of the above -6.521
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.175
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.081
## Income 9.022
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000101
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.807354
## BMI 0.953417
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.011963
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.36e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.54e-05
## EducationNone of the above 7.29e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001500
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.82e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.323 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1922, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1914
## F-statistic: 247.4 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model5b2 <- lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model5b2)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.823, -2.476, 0.287, 2.77, 63.417
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4024640
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1055849
## Age -2.3518928
## Sex -0.0683867
## BMI -0.0050795
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2697075
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1339993
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7894064
## EducationNone of the above -1.3717197
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3958102
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0853782
## Income 0.3084838
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1830629
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014703
## Smoking -0.1330314
## Disability -0.2396478
## Deprivation_Index -0.0013019
## Population_density -0.1532552
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2325660
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0245504
## Age 0.0583716
## Sex 0.0840445
## BMI 0.0488902
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233552
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2557926
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2189881
## EducationNone of the above 0.2454671
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1447935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2246268
## Income 0.0399619
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285023
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004912
## Smoking 0.0674543
## Disability 0.0972290
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028219
## Population_density 0.0895729
## t value
## (Intercept) 87.728
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.301
## Age -40.292
## Sex -0.814
## BMI -0.104
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.186
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.433
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.605
## EducationNone of the above -5.588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.734
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.832
## Income 7.719
## Average_time_outdoors -6.423
## Summed_PA_min -2.993
## Smoking -1.972
## Disability -2.465
## Deprivation_Index -0.461
## Population_density -1.711
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.72e-05
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.415836
## BMI 0.917254
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.028804
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.37e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000314
## EducationNone of the above 2.35e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006274
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.37e-06
## Income 1.27e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.39e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.002765
## Smoking 0.048614
## Disability 0.013724
## Deprivation_Index 0.644537
## Population_density 0.087117
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.308 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1982, Adjusted R-squared: 0.197
## F-statistic: 166.2 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model5b2,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05746182 0.1537079
Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model * Note: change of natural environment variable (not divided into 10% increments)
mdl.3<-resid(lm(Symbol.Digit~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.4<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
Symbol.Digit.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.3,mdl.4))
Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.3<-Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.3 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Symbol.Digit)
Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.4<-Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.4 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m)
ggplot(data = Symbol.Digit.graph, aes(x = mdl.4, y = mdl.3)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="Symbol Digit Substitution Test (correct matches)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
xlim(0,100) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## Warning: Removed 10 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model5b2)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9756, p-value = 0.09619
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 20.402464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.105585
## Age
## -2.351893
## Sex
## -0.068387
## BMI
## -0.005079
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 0.269708
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## -1.133999
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.789406
## EducationNone of the above
## -1.371720
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.395810
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## -1.085378
## Income
## 0.308484
## Average_time_outdoors
## -0.183063
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.001470
## Smoking
## -0.133031
## Disability
## -0.239648
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.001302
## Population_density
## -0.153255
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 1.441e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 2.055e+02 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 1.420e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 5.842e-02 0.8090 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 2.878e+00 0.0898 Assumptions acceptable.
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew, 1 outlier
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: 1 clear outlier
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal, slight negative skew
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.634, -10.245, -2.541, 6.941, 176.355
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 27.70011
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.08815
## Age 4.19754
## Sex 0.12464
## BMI 0.14704
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.60437
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.52316
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.07816
## EducationNone of the above 10.34214
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.83311
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.60920
## Income -0.92597
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.69798
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.06834
## Age 0.23829
## Sex 0.34262
## BMI 0.19888
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50686
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05012
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90025
## EducationNone of the above 1.00495
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59540
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92468
## Income 0.16249
## t value
## (Intercept) 39.686
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.290
## Age 17.615
## Sex 0.364
## BMI 0.739
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.307
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.862
## EducationNone of the above 10.291
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.079
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.903
## Income -5.699
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.19713
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.71604
## BMI 0.45970
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.23314
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.67e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.11e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00208
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.55e-05
## Income 1.24e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06933, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06844
## F-statistic: 77.45 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.921, -10.238, -2.519, 6.92, 175.4
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.978405
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.120458
## Age 4.099085
## Sex 0.282044
## BMI 0.181500
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.491296
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.177054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.826067
## EducationNone of the above 9.862549
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.699130
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.542544
## Income -0.833782
## Average_time_outdoors 0.303022
## Summed_PA_min 0.003354
## Smoking 0.659077
## Disability -0.058995
## Deprivation_Index -0.037928
## Population_density 0.147731
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.935984
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.090910
## Age 0.240111
## Sex 0.345656
## BMI 0.201100
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507016
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900971
## EducationNone of the above 1.009887
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924137
## Income 0.164403
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117292
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277219
## Disability 0.400010
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.362945
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.755
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.325
## Age 17.072
## Sex 0.816
## BMI 0.903
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.969
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.969
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.576
## EducationNone of the above 9.766
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.852
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.833
## Income -5.072
## Average_time_outdoors 2.583
## Summed_PA_min 1.660
## Smoking 2.377
## Disability -0.147
## Deprivation_Index -3.267
## Population_density 0.407
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.185188
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.414536
## BMI 0.366791
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.332568
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.25e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.83e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004348
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000127
## Income 4.01e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009793
## Summed_PA_min 0.096930
## Smoking 0.017449
## Disability 0.882752
## Deprivation_Index 0.001090
## Population_density 0.683990
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07185, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07047
## F-statistic: 52.05 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.1437167009
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.2986579004
## Age 3.6284272059
## Sex -0.3955017096
## BMI -0.2126906106
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4851343887
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1142776700
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0600084976
## EducationNone of the above 7.8829969691
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5314426456
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7310764101
## Income -1.1560405779
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0731091691
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006063779
## Smoking 0.1156794342
## Disability -0.8430827522
## Deprivation_Index -0.0606834097
## Population_density -0.5637034118
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.813093252
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.057740941
## Age 4.569742935
## Sex 0.959589563
## BMI 0.575691568
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.502541554
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.239830157
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.592125397
## EducationNone of the above 11.842100826
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.866817616
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.354012098
## Income -0.511523401
## Average_time_outdoors 0.532935690
## Summed_PA_min 0.007314745
## Smoking 1.202474121
## Disability 0.725092504
## Deprivation_Index -0.015172380
## Population_density 0.859165814
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9623, p-value = 0.02181
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 25.978405
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## -0.120458
## Age
## 4.099085
## Sex
## 0.282044
## BMI
## 0.181500
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -0.491296
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 4.177054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 6.826067
## EducationNone of the above
## 9.862549
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.699130
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 3.542544
## Income
## -0.833782
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.303022
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.003354
## Smoking
## 0.659077
## Disability
## -0.058995
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.037928
## Population_density
## 0.147731
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 33392.58 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 3888.88 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 29436.47 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 42.87 5.843e-11 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 24.37 7.968e-07 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot
# Normal Q-Q plot
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot
# Histogram of residuals
# Durbin-Watson test
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.368, -2.485, 0.298, 2.814, 63.194
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.558084
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.037574
## Age -2.407839
## Sex 0.015427
## BMI 0.003275
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.298274
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.307168
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.895226
## EducationNone of the above -1.601994
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.458474
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.140415
## Income 0.356403
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.170139
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.016659
## Age 0.058085
## Sex 0.083517
## BMI 0.048478
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123552
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255976
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219444
## EducationNone of the above 0.244965
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145134
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225400
## Income 0.039609
## t value
## (Intercept) 114.954
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.255
## Age -41.454
## Sex 0.185
## BMI 0.068
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.414
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.107
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.080
## EducationNone of the above -6.540
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.159
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.060
## Income 8.998
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.02412
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.85346
## BMI 0.94613
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01579
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.33e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.54e-05
## EducationNone of the above 6.43e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.27e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.325 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1915, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1907
## F-statistic: 246.2 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.224583325
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.004919051
## Age -2.521695124
## Sex -0.148280440
## BMI -0.091749867
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.056091526
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.808924932
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.325373874
## EducationNone of the above -2.082167681
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.742961648
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.582237399
## Income 0.278762933
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.89158554
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.07022844
## Age -2.29398363
## Sex 0.17913388
## BMI 0.09830077
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.54045631
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.80541136
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.46507758
## EducationNone of the above -1.12182102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.17398583
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.69859263
## Income 0.43404344
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.747, -2.478, 0.28, 2.778, 63.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.5922670
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0488907
## Age -2.3482647
## Sex -0.0775818
## BMI -0.0015217
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2499582
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1334265
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7864392
## EducationNone of the above -1.3737571
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3905807
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0806146
## Income 0.3037178
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1828565
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014475
## Smoking -0.1446379
## Disability -0.2428538
## Deprivation_Index -0.0012142
## Population_density -0.0234249
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2276446
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0221106
## Age 0.0583983
## Sex 0.0840685
## BMI 0.0489105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233135
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559453
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191291
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456190
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247634
## Income 0.0399852
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285272
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004914
## Smoking 0.0674237
## Disability 0.0972881
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028235
## Population_density 0.0882734
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.458
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.211
## Age -40.211
## Sex -0.923
## BMI -0.031
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.428
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.589
## EducationNone of the above -5.593
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.696
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.808
## Income 7.596
## Average_time_outdoors -6.410
## Summed_PA_min -2.945
## Smoking -2.145
## Disability -2.496
## Deprivation_Index -0.430
## Population_density -0.265
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.027043
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.356110
## BMI 0.975180
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.042684
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.58e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000333
## EducationNone of the above 2.28e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007032
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 3.30e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.51e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003231
## Smoking 0.031957
## Disability 0.012566
## Deprivation_Index 0.667178
## Population_density 0.790732
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1973, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1961
## F-statistic: 165.2 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.146044589
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005550060
## Age -2.462735434
## Sex -0.242370614
## BMI -0.097394630
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.008242648
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.635123160
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.215969871
## EducationNone of the above -1.855212427
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.674578975
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.521189444
## Income 0.225339944
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238774691
## Summed_PA_min -0.002410728
## Smoking -0.276799925
## Disability -0.433555118
## Deprivation_Index -0.006748655
## Population_density -0.196455903
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.0384893392
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0922313452
## Age -2.2337940138
## Sex 0.0872069241
## BMI 0.0943511687
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.4916738067
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6317299123
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3569086279
## EducationNone of the above -0.8923018609
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1065824501
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6400397747
## Income 0.3820957202
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1269383186
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004841984
## Smoking -0.0124759455
## Disability -0.0521525133
## Deprivation_Index 0.0043202773
## Population_density 0.1496062014
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.975, p-value = 0.09067
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 20.592267
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.048891
## Age
## -2.348265
## Sex
## -0.077582
## BMI
## -0.001522
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 0.249958
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## -1.133427
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.786439
## EducationNone of the above
## -1.373757
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.390581
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## -1.080615
## Income
## 0.303718
## Average_time_outdoors
## -0.182857
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.001447
## Smoking
## -0.144638
## Disability
## -0.242854
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.001214
## Population_density
## -0.023425
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 1.449e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 2.038e+02 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 1.428e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.566e-01 0.6923 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 2.701e+00 0.1003 Assumptions acceptable.
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot
# Normal Q-Q plot
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot
# Histogram of residuals
# Durbin-Watson test
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.318, -23.19, 0.448, 24.101, 175.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 790.8624
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4641
## Age -37.1380
## Sex 23.9513
## BMI -5.1650
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6259
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.7973
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6351
## EducationNone of the above 4.3272
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8282
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1696
## Income -0.3610
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.4890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1495
## Age 0.4768
## Sex 0.6854
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0144
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1007
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8008
## EducationNone of the above 2.0103
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1910
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8497
## Income 0.3247
## t value
## (Intercept) 531.128
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.105
## Age -77.891
## Sex 34.944
## BMI -12.983
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.603
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.284
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.463
## EducationNone of the above 2.152
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.695
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.254
## Income -1.112
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00191
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.10900
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.02241
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.14343
## EducationNone of the above 0.03138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.48686
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02420
## Income 0.26627
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4512
## F-statistic: 856.5 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b1 <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b1)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.628, -22.85, 0.206, 24.084, 178.535
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.025416
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.628654
## Age -36.894600
## Sex 23.666981
## BMI -4.977473
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.879776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.135803
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.976558
## EducationNone of the above 4.998400
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.003089
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.242883
## Income -0.425565
## Average_time_outdoors 0.212077
## Summed_PA_min -0.004426
## Smoking -5.094501
## Disability -1.301115
## Deprivation_Index -0.011229
## Population_density -1.396443
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.908767
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.201496
## Age 0.479081
## Sex 0.689788
## BMI 0.401262
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012428
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099398
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797328
## EducationNone of the above 2.014652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188382
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843607
## Income 0.327985
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233931
## Summed_PA_min 0.004031
## Smoking 0.553626
## Disability 0.797999
## Deprivation_Index 0.023160
## Population_density 0.735163
## t value
## (Intercept) 419.132
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.120
## Age -77.011
## Sex 34.310
## BMI -12.405
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.857
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.446
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.656
## EducationNone of the above 2.481
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.301
## Income -1.298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.907
## Summed_PA_min -1.098
## Smoking -9.202
## Disability -1.630
## Deprivation_Index -0.485
## Population_density -1.900
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00181
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06338
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.01445
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.09773
## EducationNone of the above 0.01311
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.39864
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02139
## Income 0.19448
## Average_time_outdoors 0.36465
## Summed_PA_min 0.27223
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.10303
## Deprivation_Index 0.62779
## Population_density 0.05752
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.36 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4562, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4554
## F-statistic: 564 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model6b1,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2336873 1.02362
Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model
mdl.5b<-resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.6b<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
GMV.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.5b,mdl.6b))
GMV.graph$mdl.5b<-GMV.graph$mdl.5b + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
GMV.graph$mdl.6b<-GMV.graph$mdl.6b*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot(data = GMV.graph, aes(x = mdl.6b, y = mdl.5b)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,100)) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9859, p-value = 0.2251
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.025416
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.628654
## Age
## -36.894600
## Sex
## 23.666981
## BMI
## -4.977473
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.879776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.135803
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.976558
## EducationNone of the above
## 4.998400
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.003089
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.242883
## Income
## -0.425565
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.212077
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.004426
## Smoking
## -5.094501
## Disability
## -1.301115
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.011229
## Population_density
## -1.396443
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 30.7757 3.401e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 15.2524 9.406e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.3471 2.588e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.4514 2.283e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.7248 3.946e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.748, -26.214, -1.057, 24.481, 181.901
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 701.8448
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4815
## Age -17.3042
## Sex -9.3695
## BMI 0.3186
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.5582
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3366
## EducationNone of the above 3.6594
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7606
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2015
## Income -0.2742
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.6149
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1621
## Age 0.5171
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1002
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9531
## EducationNone of the above 2.1803
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2917
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0061
## Income 0.3522
## t value
## (Intercept) 434.604
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.970
## Age -33.464
## Sex -12.604
## BMI 0.738
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.325
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.429
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.172
## EducationNone of the above 1.678
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.589
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.599
## Income -0.779
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00298
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.46027
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02008
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.66795
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.86318
## EducationNone of the above 0.09330
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.55596
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.54922
## Income 0.43619
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1012, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 117.1 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b2 <- lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b2)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.551, -26.148, -1.205, 24.374, 179.13
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 703.760638
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.658567
## Age -17.223770
## Sex -9.422878
## BMI 0.416262
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.528885
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.918089
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.396864
## EducationNone of the above 3.604664
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.782634
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.232106
## Income -0.257224
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010163
## Summed_PA_min 0.002780
## Smoking -0.634877
## Disability -1.098450
## Deprivation_Index -0.036696
## Population_density -1.059536
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.077939
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.219354
## Age 0.521541
## Sex 0.750924
## BMI 0.436826
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102159
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285465
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956624
## EducationNone of the above 2.193208
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007004
## Income 0.357053
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254664
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602693
## Disability 0.868725
## Deprivation_Index 0.025213
## Population_density 0.800320
## t value
## (Intercept) 338.682
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.002
## Age -33.025
## Sex -12.548
## BMI 0.953
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.402
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.203
## EducationNone of the above 1.644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.605
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.614
## Income -0.720
## Average_time_outdoors 0.040
## Summed_PA_min 0.633
## Smoking -1.053
## Disability -1.264
## Deprivation_Index -1.455
## Population_density -1.324
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00269
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.34065
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02178
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.68791
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.83927
## EducationNone of the above 0.10030
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.54522
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53929
## Income 0.47129
## Average_time_outdoors 0.96817
## Summed_PA_min 0.52646
## Smoking 0.29218
## Disability 0.20610
## Deprivation_Index 0.14557
## Population_density 0.18557
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1018, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 76.19 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model6b2,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2285958 1.088539
Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model
mdl.7b<-resid(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.8b<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
WMV.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.7b,mdl.8b))
WMV.graph$mdl.7b<-WMV.graph$mdl.7b + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
WMV.graph$mdl.8b<-WMV.graph$mdl.8b*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot(data = WMV.graph, aes(x = mdl.8b, y = mdl.7b)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="White Matter Volume (cm^3)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
xlim(0,100) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## Warning: Removed 10 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b2)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.984, p-value = 0.1965
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 703.76064
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.65857
## Age
## -17.22377
## Sex
## -9.42288
## BMI
## 0.41626
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.52889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.91809
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.39686
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.60466
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.78263
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.23211
## Income
## -0.25722
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.01016
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.00278
## Smoking
## -0.63488
## Disability
## -1.09845
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.03670
## Population_density
## -1.05954
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 186.949 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 102.417 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.172 1.887e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 17.711 2.571e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.649 5.609e-02 Assumptions acceptable.
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5853, -0.3092, 0.0243, 0.3412, 5.666
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.918e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -5.327e-04
## Age -2.187e-01
## Sex 2.823e-01
## BMI -1.664e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.581e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.497e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.706e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.102e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.594e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.574e-02
## Income 7.565e-05
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.205e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.213e-03
## Age 7.057e-03
## Sex 1.015e-02
## BMI 5.889e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.113e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.666e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.976e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.763e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.738e-02
## Income 4.808e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 223.093
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.241
## Age -30.989
## Sex 27.817
## BMI -2.825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.719
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.141
## EducationNone of the above 1.714
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.038
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.575
## Income 0.016
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.80976
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00473
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08569
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07744
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03231
## EducationNone of the above 0.08647
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.04155
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.56528
## Income 0.98745
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1636, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 203.3 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b3 <- lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b3)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6122, -0.3096, 0.0245, 0.3388, 5.6423
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.896e-04
## Age -2.165e-01
## Sex 2.795e-01
## BMI -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.424e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.568e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.854e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.395e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.685e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.607e-02
## Income -3.824e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.398e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.130e-05
## Smoking -3.773e-02
## Disability -2.216e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.731e-05
## Population_density -9.701e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.834e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.991e-03
## Age 7.111e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.957e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.219e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.091e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 175.697
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.130
## Age -30.442
## Sex 27.291
## BMI -2.291
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.613
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.785
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.194
## EducationNone of the above 1.804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.088
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010
## Summed_PA_min 1.024
## Smoking -4.591
## Disability -1.870
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density -0.889
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8964
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0220
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1069
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0282
## EducationNone of the above 0.0713
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0368
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5572
## Income 0.9374
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9922
## Summed_PA_min 0.3057
## Smoking 4.45e-06
## Disability 0.0615
## Deprivation_Index 0.8448
## Population_density 0.3741
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model6b3,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.005474223 0.006253357
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b3)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0355, p-value = 0.9711
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 3.896e-04
## Age
## -2.165e-01
## Sex
## 2.795e-01
## BMI
## -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.424e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.568e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.854e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.395e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.685e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.607e-02
## Income
## -3.824e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 3.398e-05
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.130e-05
## Smoking
## -3.773e-02
## Disability
## -2.216e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.731e-05
## Population_density
## -9.701e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4069.302 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 153.617 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3816.295 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 96.461 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.928 0.08703 Assumptions acceptable.
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.538, -23.2, 0.358, 24.174, 175.844
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.4841
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4509
## Age -37.1365
## Sex 23.9143
## BMI -5.1602
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6831
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.7873
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6110
## EducationNone of the above 4.2934
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8169
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1578
## Income -0.3895
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.3962
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1367
## Age 0.4766
## Sex 0.6853
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0139
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1006
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8008
## EducationNone of the above 2.0102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1910
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8496
## Income 0.3250
## t value
## (Intercept) 566.898
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.298
## Age -77.912
## Sex 34.894
## BMI -12.971
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.660
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.279
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.450
## EducationNone of the above 2.136
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.686
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.248
## Income -1.198
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000975
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.096920
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.022681
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.147096
## EducationNone of the above 0.032716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.492800
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.024604
## Income 0.230855
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4518, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4513
## F-statistic: 856.7 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.7474049
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1829441
## Age -38.0708514
## Sex 22.5709135
## BMI -5.9399960
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.6705015
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6698730
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9187698
## EducationNone of the above 0.3530722
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.5176497
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5321318
## Income -1.0265820
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 794.2208620
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.7188766
## Age -36.2022383
## Sex 25.2576936
## BMI -4.3804299
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3042227
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.9047608
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.1408691
## EducationNone of the above 8.2337300
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.1513973
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.7833695
## Income 0.2476585
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.866, -22.744, 0.316, 24.037, 178.929
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.997655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.641913
## Age -36.885647
## Sex 23.610690
## BMI -4.970383
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.956796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.127485
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.943823
## EducationNone of the above 4.958456
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.986644
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.226740
## Income -0.465277
## Average_time_outdoors 0.200294
## Summed_PA_min -0.004351
## Smoking -5.122386
## Disability -1.330463
## Deprivation_Index -0.010816
## Population_density -1.543862
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.867036
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.181341
## Age 0.478956
## Sex 0.689492
## BMI 0.401141
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011361
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099146
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797196
## EducationNone of the above 2.014454
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188275
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843406
## Income 0.327940
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233967
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.552978
## Disability 0.797912
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.723978
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.021
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.540
## Age -77.013
## Sex 34.244
## BMI -12.391
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.935
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.638
## EducationNone of the above 2.461
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.830
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.293
## Income -1.419
## Average_time_outdoors 0.856
## Summed_PA_min -1.080
## Smoking -9.263
## Disability -1.667
## Deprivation_Index -0.467
## Population_density -2.132
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000402
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.053038
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014595
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.101447
## EducationNone of the above 0.013853
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.406377
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.021872
## Income 0.155989
## Average_time_outdoors 0.391973
## Summed_PA_min 0.280344
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.095456
## Deprivation_Index 0.640455
## Population_density 0.032989
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4563, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 564.3 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.33794354
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.28645337
## Age -37.82448336
## Sex 22.25916829
## BMI -5.75668887
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.93923688
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.01279946
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.57899017
## EducationNone of the above 1.00977997
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.34257941
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.61334731
## Income -1.10809623
## Average_time_outdoors -0.25832174
## Summed_PA_min -0.01225146
## Smoking -6.20631783
## Disability -2.89450743
## Deprivation_Index -0.05620709
## Population_density -2.96298351
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.657366460
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.997373549
## Age -35.946810725
## Sex 24.962212248
## BMI -4.184077687
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025643979
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.242171134
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.466636534
## EducationNone of the above 8.907131232
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.315867843
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.840133158
## Income 0.177542826
## Average_time_outdoors 0.658908951
## Summed_PA_min 0.003549058
## Smoking -4.038453660
## Disability 0.233581982
## Deprivation_Index 0.034575219
## Population_density -0.124740699
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -145.156, -26.231, -1.177, 24.439, 182.876
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.7117
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4031
## Age -17.2899
## Sex -9.4064
## BMI 0.3230
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.6249
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9683
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3546
## EducationNone of the above 3.6240
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7643
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2019
## Income -0.2957
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.5144
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1483
## Age 0.5170
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0997
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9532
## EducationNone of the above 2.1804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2918
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0062
## Income 0.3526
## t value
## (Intercept) 464.027
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.719
## Age -33.443
## Sex -12.654
## BMI 0.748
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.387
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.425
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.182
## EducationNone of the above 1.662
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.592
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.599
## Income -0.839
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00657
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.45419
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01701
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.67087
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.85595
## EducationNone of the above 0.09652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.55412
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.54913
## Income 0.40165
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1011, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 116.9 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.7432902
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1124612
## Age -18.3033106
## Sex -10.8635229
## BMI -0.5228425
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.7805588
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.4977996
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.1832645
## EducationNone of the above -0.6499048
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.2964373
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.7306798
## Income -0.9867529
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 705.6801661
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.6937692
## Age -16.2764884
## Sex -7.9492624
## BMI 1.1687666
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.4693083
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.4343080
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.4740898
## EducationNone of the above 7.8979813
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.7679219
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.1344955
## Income 0.3953731
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.379, -26.121, -1.189, 24.349, 180.518
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.844502
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.527191
## Age -17.209154
## Sex -9.481208
## BMI 0.429525
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.626369
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.914232
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.410286
## EducationNone of the above 3.574336
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.780159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.233623
## Income -0.294132
## Average_time_outdoors 0.003207
## Summed_PA_min 0.002884
## Smoking -0.681158
## Disability -1.124946
## Deprivation_Index -0.036218
## Population_density -0.832837
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.032926
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.197454
## Age 0.521512
## Sex 0.750754
## BMI 0.436783
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101222
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285658
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956880
## EducationNone of the above 2.193442
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293856
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007196
## Income 0.357078
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254755
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602111
## Disability 0.868808
## Deprivation_Index 0.025214
## Population_density 0.788305
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.714
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.670
## Age -32.999
## Sex -12.629
## BMI 0.983
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.385
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.400
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.210
## EducationNone of the above 1.630
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.603
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.615
## Income -0.824
## Average_time_outdoors 0.013
## Summed_PA_min 0.657
## Smoking -1.131
## Disability -1.295
## Deprivation_Index -1.436
## Population_density -1.056
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0076
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.3254
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0171
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6892
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8339
## EducationNone of the above 0.1032
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5465
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5388
## Income 0.4101
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9900
## Summed_PA_min 0.5111
## Smoking 0.2580
## Disability 0.1954
## Deprivation_Index 0.1509
## Population_density 0.2908
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1016, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 76.06 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.859619398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.140148072
## Age -18.231407024
## Sex -10.952814669
## BMI -0.426645120
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.784952166
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.566050924
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.246107547
## EducationNone of the above -0.725185743
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.316337824
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.700825555
## Income -0.994066799
## Average_time_outdoors -0.496156834
## Summed_PA_min -0.005718573
## Smoking -1.861398764
## Disability -2.827958778
## Deprivation_Index -0.085642002
## Population_density -2.378049620
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.82938523
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.91423470
## Age -16.18690005
## Sex -8.00960075
## BMI 1.28569518
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.46778504
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.39451412
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.42553482
## EducationNone of the above 7.87385832
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.75602022
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.16807224
## Income 0.40580343
## Average_time_outdoors 0.50257133
## Summed_PA_min 0.01148585
## Smoking 0.49908374
## Disability 0.57806658
## Deprivation_Index 0.01320646
## Population_density 0.71237579
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5795, -0.3098, 0.0253, 0.3412, 5.6671
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.925960
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002969
## Age -0.218217
## Sex 0.282361
## BMI -0.016669
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025593
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.055049
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.057351
## EducationNone of the above 0.051043
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.036259
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.016234
## Income 0.000414
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.020670
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.002024
## Age 0.007055
## Sex 0.010146
## BMI 0.005889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.015010
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.031125
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.026653
## EducationNone of the above 0.029753
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.017631
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.027377
## Income 0.004812
## t value
## (Intercept) 238.316
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.467
## Age -30.932
## Sex 27.831
## BMI -2.831
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.705
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.769
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.152
## EducationNone of the above 1.716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.057
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.593
## Income 0.086
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.14238
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00465
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08821
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07699
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03144
## EducationNone of the above 0.08627
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.03975
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.55320
## Income 0.93144
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1638, Adjusted R-squared: 0.163
## F-statistic: 203.5 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.885443256
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006936443
## Age -0.232044973
## Sex 0.262473576
## BMI -0.028212230
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.003828970
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.005962656
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.005105895
## EducationNone of the above -0.007277138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001698942
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.037428937
## Income -0.009018099
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9664762710
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0009979185
## Age -0.2043884244
## Sex 0.3022474005
## BMI -0.0051258929
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0550148893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1160596535
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1095956268
## EducationNone of the above 0.1093639950
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0708190109
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0698971286
## Income 0.0098460817
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5991, -0.3084, 0.0237, 0.339, 5.6486
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.764e-03
## Age -2.163e-01
## Sex 2.795e-01
## BMI -1.348e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.371e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.584e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.912e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.426e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.740e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.658e-02
## Income -2.716e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 1.800e-04
## Summed_PA_min 6.209e-05
## Smoking -3.824e-02
## Disability -2.207e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.865e-05
## Population_density 1.128e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.772e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.693e-03
## Age 7.110e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.119e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.210e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.075e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.709
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.398
## Age -30.427
## Sex 27.300
## BMI -2.263
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.579
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.790
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.216
## EducationNone of the above 1.814
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.120
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.606
## Income -0.056
## Average_time_outdoors 0.052
## Summed_PA_min 1.038
## Smoking -4.658
## Disability -1.862
## Deprivation_Index 0.200
## Population_density 0.105
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1623
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0237
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1145
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0735
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0267
## EducationNone of the above 0.0697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0340
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5445
## Income 0.9555
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9587
## Summed_PA_min 0.2994
## Smoking 3.24e-06
## Disability 0.0626
## Deprivation_Index 0.8417
## Population_density 0.9164
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1657, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1645
## F-statistic: 133.5 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.927525e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -9.043970e-03
## Age -2.302702e-01
## Sex 2.593975e-01
## BMI -2.515004e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.730541e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.303798e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.825916e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.361357e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.818960e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.705681e-02
## Income -9.816070e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.628189e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.519224e-05
## Smoking -5.432889e-02
## Disability -4.529470e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.052647e-04
## Population_density -1.994372e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0362045608
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0015152103
## Age -0.2023972454
## Sex 0.2995292948
## BMI -0.0018016983
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0531421754
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1169912825
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1114172943
## EducationNone of the above 0.1128730690
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0719866585
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0702247239
## Income 0.0092728984
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0069881155
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001793693
## Smoking -0.0221444757
## Disability 0.0011595122
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007425678
## Population_density 0.0222005704
#grey matter
model_diagnostics(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9863, p-value = 0.2322
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.997655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.641913
## Age
## -36.885647
## Sex
## 23.610690
## BMI
## -4.970383
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.956796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.127485
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.943823
## EducationNone of the above
## 4.958456
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 0.986644
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.226740
## Income
## -0.465277
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.200294
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.004351
## Smoking
## -5.122386
## Disability
## -1.330463
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.010816
## Population_density
## -1.543862
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 30.4678 3.930e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 14.4105 1.470e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.9797 1.848e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.2945 2.552e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.7831 3.762e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
#white matter
model_diagnostics(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9842, p-value = 0.1993
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 704.844502
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.527191
## Age
## -17.209154
## Sex
## -9.481208
## BMI
## 0.429525
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.626369
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.914232
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.410286
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.574336
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.780159
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.233623
## Income
## -0.294132
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.003207
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.002884
## Smoking
## -0.681158
## Disability
## -1.124946
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.036218
## Population_density
## -0.832837
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 189.044 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 104.573 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.771 1.443e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 17.241 3.292e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.459 6.290e-02 Assumptions acceptable.
#HPC
model_diagnostics(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0353, p-value = 0.9704
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## -3.764e-03
## Age
## -2.163e-01
## Sex
## 2.795e-01
## BMI
## -1.348e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.371e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.584e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.912e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.426e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.740e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.658e-02
## Income
## -2.716e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 1.800e-04
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.209e-05
## Smoking
## -3.824e-02
## Disability
## -2.207e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.865e-05
## Population_density
## 1.128e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4064.469 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 152.624 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3815.380 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 93.681 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.784 0.0952 Assumptions acceptable.
model7trail <- lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model7trail)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.947, -10.193, -2.533, 6.958, 175.573
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.323391
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.199179
## Sex -0.418222
## Age 4.106698
## BMI 0.186647
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.520533
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.188585
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.839147
## EducationNone of the above 9.842178
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.702775
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.543078
## Income -0.843554
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304832
## Summed_PA_min 0.003395
## Smoking 0.641003
## Disability -0.065044
## Deprivation_Index -0.037795
## Population_density 0.314296
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.144118
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.956712
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.101015
## Sex 0.785551
## Age 0.240131
## BMI 0.201119
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507464
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052317
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900930
## EducationNone of the above 1.009882
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595640
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924057
## Income 0.164391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117278
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277486
## Disability 0.399970
## Deprivation_Index 0.011608
## Population_density 0.368476
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.148847
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.514
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.972
## Sex -0.532
## Age 17.102
## BMI 0.928
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.026
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.980
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.591
## EducationNone of the above 9.746
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.859
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.834
## Income -5.131
## Average_time_outdoors 2.599
## Summed_PA_min 1.680
## Smoking 2.310
## Disability -0.163
## Deprivation_Index -3.256
## Population_density 0.853
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.968
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.048659
## Sex 0.594464
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.353405
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305029
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.92e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.42e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004261
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000127
## Income 2.92e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009356
## Summed_PA_min 0.092944
## Smoking 0.020904
## Disability 0.870819
## Deprivation_Index 0.001134
## Population_density 0.393698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332949
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07209, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07063
## F-statistic: 49.33 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model7trail,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.1476466 0.4358827
#model_diagnostics(model7tmt)
model7sds <- lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model7sds)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.822, -2.468, 0.289, 2.766, 63.403
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4031173
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1052277
## Sex -0.1868042
## Age -2.3515649
## BMI -0.0051354
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2704460
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1320161
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7873720
## EducationNone of the above -1.3741910
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3961848
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0861857
## Income 0.3084956
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1826282
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014697
## Smoking -0.1330025
## Disability -0.2395108
## Deprivation_Index -0.0013057
## Population_density -0.1531256
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0249880
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2325732
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0245564
## Sex 0.1909647
## Age 0.0583749
## BMI 0.0488914
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233626
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2558145
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2190130
## EducationNone of the above 0.2454988
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1447978
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2246350
## Income 0.0399629
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285099
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004912
## Smoking 0.0674559
## Disability 0.0972314
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028219
## Population_density 0.0895752
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0361841
## t value
## (Intercept) 87.728
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.285
## Sex -0.978
## Age -40.284
## BMI -0.105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.425
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.595
## EducationNone of the above -5.598
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.736
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.835
## Income 7.720
## Average_time_outdoors -6.406
## Summed_PA_min -2.992
## Smoking -1.972
## Disability -2.463
## Deprivation_Index -0.463
## Population_density -1.709
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.691
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.84e-05
## Sex 0.327990
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.916348
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.028379
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.73e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000326
## EducationNone of the above 2.22e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006226
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.35e-06
## Income 1.26e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.55e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.002775
## Smoking 0.048668
## Disability 0.013781
## Deprivation_Index 0.643593
## Population_density 0.087392
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.489843
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.308 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1983, Adjusted R-squared: 0.197
## F-statistic: 157 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model7sds,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.04593893 0.09591497
#model_diagnostics(model7sds)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.563, -10.252, -2.549, 6.932, 175.87
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.979201
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.125001
## Sex -0.786552
## Age 4.095653
## BMI 0.183680
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.485905
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.186310
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.849535
## EducationNone of the above 9.841279
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.698377
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.520665
## Income -0.833488
## Average_time_outdoors 0.310283
## Summed_PA_min 0.003308
## Smoking 0.654881
## Disability -0.056675
## Deprivation_Index -0.037861
## Population_density 0.154172
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.283523
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.935847
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.090923
## Sex 0.619035
## Age 0.240081
## BMI 0.201074
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.506949
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052201
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900911
## EducationNone of the above 1.009792
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595620
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924063
## Income 0.164379
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117327
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277186
## Disability 0.399953
## Deprivation_Index 0.011607
## Population_density 0.362905
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.136264
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.760
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.375
## Sex -1.271
## Age 17.059
## BMI 0.913
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.958
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.979
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.603
## EducationNone of the above 9.746
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.851
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.810
## Income -5.071
## Average_time_outdoors 2.645
## Summed_PA_min 1.637
## Smoking 2.363
## Disability -0.142
## Deprivation_Index -3.262
## Population_density 0.425
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.081
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.16922
## Sex 0.20389
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.36100
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.33784
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.97e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.12e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00436
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.00014
## Income 4.03e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.00819
## Summed_PA_min 0.10163
## Smoking 0.01816
## Disability 0.88732
## Deprivation_Index 0.00111
## Population_density 0.67097
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03748
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0722, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07074
## F-statistic: 49.41 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.1447797775
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.3032261089
## Sex -1.9999676189
## Age 3.6250528801
## BMI -0.2104588585
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4796116165
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1238160655
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0835953873
## EducationNone of the above 7.8619134777
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5308597553
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7093441169
## Income -1.1557000319
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0803012817
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006526112
## Smoking 0.1115487721
## Disability -0.8406517644
## Deprivation_Index -0.0606133275
## Population_density -0.5571846656
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0164229030
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.813622385
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.053223621
## Sex 0.426862735
## Age 4.566253766
## BMI 0.577819233
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507800884
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.248804754
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.615474824
## EducationNone of the above 11.820643764
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.865895133
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.331986865
## Income -0.511276457
## Average_time_outdoors 0.540264319
## Summed_PA_min 0.007267844
## Smoking 1.198213976
## Disability 0.727301263
## Deprivation_Index -0.015108750
## Population_density 0.865529156
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.550623071
TMT B-A: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#stratify sample by sex
CogsBrainCov.F <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2,Sex==0.5)
CogsBrainCov.M <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2,Sex==-0.5)
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM2 <- lm(Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary_confint(lmM2)
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -100.765, -10.01, -2.395, 7.066, 122.049
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.604009
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.318386
## Summed_PA_min 0.002904
## Age 4.032731
## BMI 0.932547
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.210591
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.708798
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.545591
## EducationNone of the above 14.240131
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.506636
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.385367
## Income -1.048052
## Average_time_outdoors 0.307734
## Smoking 0.452331
## Disability -0.158264
## Deprivation_Index -0.042813
## Population_density 0.471765
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.318664
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.125076
## Summed_PA_min 0.002746
## Age 0.323030
## BMI 0.304325
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.720339
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.436915
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.098616
## EducationNone of the above 1.331867
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.854075
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.435968
## Income 0.230480
## Average_time_outdoors 0.147083
## Smoking 0.369502
## Disability 0.528191
## Deprivation_Index 0.015960
## Population_density 0.494883
## t value
## (Intercept) 20.175
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -2.546
## Summed_PA_min 1.058
## Age 12.484
## BMI 3.064
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.292
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.669
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.868
## EducationNone of the above 10.692
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.750
## Income -4.547
## Average_time_outdoors 2.092
## Smoking 1.224
## Disability -0.300
## Deprivation_Index -2.683
## Population_density 0.953
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.010937
## Summed_PA_min 0.290327
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.002192
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.770030
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.10e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.20e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.003350
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000178
## Income 5.55e-06
## Average_time_outdoors 0.036461
## Smoking 0.220942
## Disability 0.764467
## Deprivation_Index 0.007327
## Population_density 0.340486
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 16.98 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.108, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1054
## F-statistic: 42.71 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.01892153
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.56358177
## Summed_PA_min -0.00247921
## Age 3.39946745
## BMI 0.33595361
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.62273213
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.89189208
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.39188163
## EducationNone of the above 11.62915987
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.83232049
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.57031842
## Income -1.49988094
## Average_time_outdoors 0.01939503
## Smoking -0.27203599
## Disability -1.19372179
## Deprivation_Index -0.07410068
## Population_density -0.49839625
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.189097310
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.073189271
## Summed_PA_min 0.008286794
## Age 4.665994618
## BMI 1.529140365
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.201550019
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.525704556
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.699300089
## EducationNone of the above 16.851103111
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.180952417
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.200414998
## Income -0.596223823
## Average_time_outdoors 0.596073794
## Smoking 1.176697710
## Disability 0.877192863
## Deprivation_Index -0.011525929
## Population_density 1.441926030
#Females
lmF2 <- lm(Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary_confint(lmF2)
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.619, -10.417, -2.605, 6.997, 176.702
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.731272
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.064483
## Summed_PA_min 0.003181
## Age 4.241502
## BMI -0.290596
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.603473
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.630462
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.131838
## EducationNone of the above 4.474410
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.081170
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.394519
## Income -0.685553
## Average_time_outdoors 0.177884
## Smoking 0.788701
## Disability -0.020455
## Deprivation_Index -0.030232
## Population_density -0.097027
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.325808
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.131415
## Summed_PA_min 0.002957
## Age 0.356154
## BMI 0.270126
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.713106
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.535443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.605106
## EducationNone of the above 1.538805
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.830671
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.221032
## Income 0.233621
## Average_time_outdoors 0.191032
## Smoking 0.414213
## Disability 0.603078
## Deprivation_Index 0.016811
## Population_density 0.529322
## t value
## (Intercept) 19.408
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.491
## Summed_PA_min 1.076
## Age 11.909
## BMI -1.076
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.846
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.062
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.820
## EducationNone of the above 2.908
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.302
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.961
## Income -2.934
## Average_time_outdoors 0.931
## Smoking 1.904
## Disability -0.034
## Deprivation_Index -1.798
## Population_density -0.183
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.623668
## Summed_PA_min 0.282137
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.282071
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.397442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.288333
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000135
## EducationNone of the above 0.003655
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.193118
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.049920
## Income 0.003354
## Average_time_outdoors 0.351803
## Smoking 0.056948
## Disability 0.972944
## Deprivation_Index 0.072173
## Population_density 0.854565
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above **
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income **
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 18.37 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04425
## F-statistic: 17.74 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 23.1321899257
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.1931387691
## Summed_PA_min -0.0026163016
## Age 3.5433061904
## BMI -0.8201446508
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.0014278498
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.3795830872
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.9852277079
## EducationNone of the above 1.4577743303
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.5472567628
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0008379507
## Income -1.1435373222
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1966099552
## Smoking -0.0233122434
## Disability -1.2027132458
## Deprivation_Index -0.0631883660
## Population_density -1.1346964556
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.330353901
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.322105049
## Summed_PA_min 0.008977854
## Age 4.939697279
## BMI 0.238952273
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.794481458
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.640507470
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.278448987
## EducationNone of the above 7.491045453
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.709595841
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.788200615
## Income -0.227569199
## Average_time_outdoors 0.552377079
## Smoking 1.600714936
## Disability 1.161803538
## Deprivation_Index 0.002723739
## Population_density 0.940641847
#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta2 <- summary(lmF2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se2 <- summary(lmF2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta2 <- summary(lmM2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se2 <- summary(lmM2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.tmt <- (M.beta2 - F.beta2) / sqrt(M.se2^2 + F.se2^2)
p.nat.tmt <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.tmt)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.tmt
## [1] -2.110384
p.nat.tmt
## [1] 0.9825873
#model_diagnostics(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.747, -2.478, 0.278, 2.778, 63.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.5922627
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0489153
## Sex -0.0718062
## Age -2.3482462
## BMI -0.0015335
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2499291
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1334766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7865661
## EducationNone of the above -1.3736422
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3905766
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0804964
## Income 0.3037162
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1828957
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014472
## Smoking -0.1446153
## Disability -0.2428664
## Deprivation_Index -0.0012146
## Population_density -0.0234597
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0015324
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2276545
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0221180
## Sex 0.1505867
## Age 0.0584022
## BMI 0.0489133
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233205
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559587
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191558
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456423
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448907
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247878
## Income 0.0399870
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285411
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004915
## Smoking 0.0674284
## Disability 0.0972927
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028236
## Population_density 0.0882805
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0331475
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.454
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.212
## Sex -0.477
## Age -40.208
## BMI -0.031
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.428
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.589
## EducationNone of the above -5.592
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.696
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.807
## Income 7.595
## Average_time_outdoors -6.408
## Summed_PA_min -2.945
## Smoking -2.145
## Disability -2.496
## Deprivation_Index -0.430
## Population_density -0.266
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.046
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.027017
## Sex 0.633483
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.974990
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.042720
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.58e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000333
## EducationNone of the above 2.30e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007035
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 3.31e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.53e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003240
## Smoking 0.031996
## Disability 0.012566
## Deprivation_Index 0.667100
## Population_density 0.790444
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.963128
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1973, Adjusted R-squared: 0.196
## F-statistic: 156 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.146020766
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005560220
## Sex -0.366981988
## Age -2.462724586
## BMI -0.097411898
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.008199798
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.635199581
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.216149136
## EducationNone of the above -1.855143160
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.674587360
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.521118957
## Income 0.225334905
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238841122
## Summed_PA_min -0.002410578
## Smoking -0.276786517
## Disability -0.433576724
## Deprivation_Index -0.006749279
## Population_density -0.196504566
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.066507250
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.0385045572
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0922702917
## Sex 0.2233695172
## Age -2.2337677661
## BMI 0.0943448750
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.4916583801
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6317535521
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3569830476
## EducationNone of the above -0.8921412019
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1065659293
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6398737579
## Income 0.3820975837
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1269503706
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004838455
## Smoking -0.0124440023
## Disability -0.0521559842
## Deprivation_Index 0.0043201788
## Population_density 0.1495852393
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0634424483
#model_diagnostics(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
model8gm <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8gm)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -171.869, -22.885, 0.231, 23.986, 178.833
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.008817
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.637728
## Sex 26.675783
## Age -36.902933
## BMI -4.976051
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.898539
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.085414
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.924866
## EducationNone of the above 5.061193
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.012607
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.263401
## Income -0.425866
## Average_time_outdoors 0.201033
## Summed_PA_min -0.004440
## Smoking -5.095234
## Disability -1.304596
## Deprivation_Index -0.011134
## Population_density -1.399736
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.634907
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.908485
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.201509
## Sex 1.567047
## Age 0.479022
## BMI 0.401200
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012308
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099202
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797210
## EducationNone of the above 2.014551
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188204
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843344
## Income 0.327933
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233951
## Summed_PA_min 0.004031
## Smoking 0.553540
## Disability 0.797876
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.735050
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.296925
## t value
## (Intercept) 419.185
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.165
## Sex 17.023
## Age -77.038
## BMI -12.403
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.875
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.423
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.627
## EducationNone of the above 2.512
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.852
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.313
## Income -1.299
## Average_time_outdoors 0.859
## Summed_PA_min -1.102
## Smoking -9.205
## Disability -1.635
## Deprivation_Index -0.481
## Population_density -1.904
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -2.138
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00156
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06076
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.01543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.10367
## EducationNone of the above 0.01201
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.39411
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02075
## Income 0.19409
## Average_time_outdoors 0.39020
## Summed_PA_min 0.27065
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.10206
## Deprivation_Index 0.63066
## Population_density 0.05690
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03252
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4564, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 533.1 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model8gm,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.21693 -0.05288327
Grey Matter Graph (no error bars)
#maybe replace this with lmM (2 chunks below), depending on the purpose of scaling
Males.reg.mean<-lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors, TRUE) +
scale(Summed_PA_min, TRUE) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index, TRUE) + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
Males.b0 <- round(Males.reg.mean$coeff[1], digits = 3)
Males.slope <- round(Males.reg.mean$coeff[2], digits = 3)
Males.ci <- predict(Males.reg.mean, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
Females.reg.mean<-lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors, TRUE) +
scale(Summed_PA_min, TRUE) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index, TRUE) + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
Females.b0 <- round(Females.reg.mean$coeff[1], digits = 3)
Females.slope <- round(Females.reg.mean$coeff[2], digits = 3)
Females.ci <- predict(Females.reg.mean, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
ggplot() +
#add data points but make colour white so invisible
#(deleting the points also prevents regression lines from being visible)
geom_point(data = CogsBrainCov.df2, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3), shape = 20, size = 0, color = "White") +
#add regression lines for each sex
geom_abline(aes(intercept= Males.b0, slope = Males.slope, color= "Males"), size = 1) +
geom_abline(aes(intercept = Females.b0, slope = Females.slope, color= "Females"), size = 1) +
#add confidence intervals around regression lines for each sex
#geom_ribbon(aes(x = CogsBrainCov.M$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = Males.ci[, "lwr"], ymax = Males.ci[,"upr"]), alpha = 0.3) +
#geom_ribbon(aes(x = CogsBrainCov.F$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = Females.ci[, "lwr"], ymax = Females.ci[,"upr"]), alpha = 0.3) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
guides(color = guide_legend((title = "Sex"))) + xlab("Natural Environment (%)") +
ylab("Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)") + theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black")) +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,100),ylim=c(780,820))
## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Attempt to add error bands to regression lines
# Ensure Education is a factor
CogsBrainCov.M$Education <- as.factor(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)
CogsBrainCov.F$Education <- as.factor(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)
# Ensure Age and BMI are numeric
CogsBrainCov.M$Age <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.M$Age)
CogsBrainCov.M$BMI <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.M$BMI)
CogsBrainCov.F$Age <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.F$Age)
CogsBrainCov.F$BMI <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.F$BMI)
# Fit the linear regression model
Males.reg.mean <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors) + scale(Summed_PA_min) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index) + Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.M)
Females.reg.mean <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors) + scale(Summed_PA_min) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index) + Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.F)
# Create new data frame for prediction
new_data_M <- data.frame(
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = c(1:100),
Age = rep(0, 100),
BMI = rep(0, 100),
Education = factor(rep(levels(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)[1], 100), levels = levels(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)),
Income = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Income, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Average_time_outdoors = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Average_time_outdoors, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Summed_PA_min = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Summed_PA_min, 100), 100),
Smoking = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Smoking, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Disability = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Disability, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Deprivation_Index = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Deprivation_Index, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Population_density = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Population_density, na.rm = TRUE), 100)
)
new_data_F <- data.frame(
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = c(1:100),
Age = rep(0, 100),
BMI = rep(0, 100),
Education = factor(rep(levels(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)[1], 100), levels = levels(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)),
Income = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Income, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Average_time_outdoors = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Average_time_outdoors, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Summed_PA_min = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Summed_PA_min, 100), 100),
Smoking = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Smoking, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Disability = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Disability, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Deprivation_Index = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Deprivation_Index, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Population_density = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Population_density, na.rm = TRUE), 100)
)
# Ensure that all variables are of the correct type
new_data_M$Age <- as.numeric(new_data_M$Age)
new_data_M$BMI <- as.numeric(new_data_M$BMI)
new_data_F$Age <- as.numeric(new_data_F$Age)
new_data_F$BMI <- as.numeric(new_data_F$BMI)
# Get predictions and confidence intervals
predictions_M <- predict(Males.reg.mean, newdata = new_data_M, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
predictions_F <- predict(Females.reg.mean, newdata = new_data_F, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
# Combine predictions with new_data
new_data_M <- cbind(new_data_M, predictions_M)
new_data_F <- cbind(new_data_F, predictions_F)
# Plot the data, regression line, and confidence intervals
ggplot() +
geom_line(data = new_data_M, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = fit, color = "Males")) +
geom_line(data = new_data_F, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = fit, color = "Females")) +
geom_ribbon(data = new_data_M, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = lwr, ymax = upr), alpha = 0.2, fill = "Green") +
geom_ribbon(data = new_data_F, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = lwr, ymax = upr), alpha = 0.2, fill = "Red") +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Sex")) +
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
theme_classic()
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Partial Regression Plot
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Males
M.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
M.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Females
F.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
F.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
#make data frame of MALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
M.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(M.resid.nat, M.resid.gm))
#do NOT add the brain and natural environment means to their respective residuals
#make data frame of FEMALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
F.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(F.resid.nat, F.resid.gm))
# do NOT add the FEMALE brain and cog means to their respective residuals
#Plot the partial regression, including confidence intervals
ggplot() +
#add regression line for females
geom_smooth(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat*10, y = F.resid.gm, color = "Females"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "red", alpha = 0.1) +
#add regression line for males
geom_smooth(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat*10, y = M.resid.gm, color = "Males"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "green", alpha = 0.1) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
#remove the fill colour from the legend symbols
guides(color = guide_legend(override.aes = list(fill = NA))) +
#xlim(0,100) +
#ylim(785,795) +
theme_classic()
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Partial Regression Plot #2
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Males
M.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
M.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Females
F.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
F.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
#make data frame of MALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
M.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(M.resid.nat, M.resid.gm))
#add the MALE brain and natural environment means to their respective residuals
M.resid$M.resid.gm <- M.resid$M.resid.gm + mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
M.resid$M.resid.nat <- M.resid$M.resid.nat*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
#make data frame of FEMALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
F.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(F.resid.nat, F.resid.gm))
#add the FEMALE brain and cog means to their respective residuals
F.resid$F.resid.gm <- F.resid$F.resid.gm + mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
F.resid$F.resid.nat <- F.resid$F.resid.nat*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot() +
#add data points for females
#geom_point(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat, y = F.resid.gm), shape = 20, size = 0, color = "Red") +
#add data points for males
#geom_point(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat, y = M.resid.gm), shape = 3, size = 0, color = "Green") +
#add regression line for females
geom_smooth(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat, y = F.resid.gm, color = "Females"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "red", alpha = 0.1) +
#add regression line for males
geom_smooth(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat, y = M.resid.gm, color = "Males"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "green", alpha = 0.2) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
#remove the fill colour from the legend symbols
guides(color = guide_legend(override.aes = list(fill = NA))) +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,96), ylim=c(765,815)) +
theme_classic()
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
#What is going wrong with these graphs? Why are the slopes so shallow?
#Based on the sex-stratified models (below), y-intercept should be 786 for Males and 813 for Females. Why the discrepancy????
Grey matter: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary(lmM)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -168.755, -22.696, -0.151, 23.948, 177.675
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 786.794881
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.796763
## Summed_PA_min -0.004975
## Age -34.720335
## BMI -8.116266
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.164050
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.035193
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.594626
## EducationNone of the above 5.474121
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.911170
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.578208
## Income -0.457423
## Average_time_outdoors 0.538271
## Smoking -5.440140
## Disability -2.243344
## Deprivation_Index 0.024098
## Population_density -0.892832
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.795423
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.286862
## Summed_PA_min 0.005699
## Age 0.670723
## BMI 0.631532
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.496091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.982030
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.279555
## EducationNone of the above 2.764168
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.772175
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.980559
## Income 0.478170
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304882
## Smoking 0.767217
## Disability 1.095993
## Deprivation_Index 0.033119
## Population_density 1.036245
## t value
## (Intercept) 281.458
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.778
## Summed_PA_min -0.873
## Age -51.766
## BMI -12.852
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.446
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.689
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.261
## EducationNone of the above 1.980
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.514
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.872
## Income -0.957
## Average_time_outdoors 1.766
## Smoking -7.091
## Disability -2.047
## Deprivation_Index 0.728
## Population_density -0.862
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0055
## Summed_PA_min 0.3827
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1481
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0914
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.7942
## EducationNone of the above 0.0477
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.6072
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0613
## Income 0.3388
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0775
## Smoking 1.5e-12
## Disability 0.0407
## Deprivation_Index 0.4669
## Population_density 0.3889
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.24 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3726, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3708
## F-statistic: 209.6 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(lmM,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt")
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.234403 1.359124
#Females
lmF <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary(lmF)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -143.773, -22.803, 0.161, 23.945, 115.554
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 813.515902
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.443942
## Summed_PA_min -0.004416
## Age -39.333232
## BMI -2.760310
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.043069
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.005280
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.698965
## EducationNone of the above 3.503267
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.789063
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.892558
## Income -0.278452
## Average_time_outdoors -0.295736
## Smoking -4.824904
## Disability -0.194376
## Deprivation_Index -0.045641
## Population_density -1.811383
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.601179
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.281578
## Summed_PA_min 0.005672
## Age 0.683043
## BMI 0.518339
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.369284
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.945543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.079034
## EducationNone of the above 2.951975
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.593553
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.342130
## Income 0.448247
## Average_time_outdoors 0.366449
## Smoking 0.795797
## Disability 1.156908
## Deprivation_Index 0.032252
## Population_density 1.037429
## t value
## (Intercept) 312.749
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.577
## Summed_PA_min -0.779
## Age -57.585
## BMI -5.325
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.492
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.039
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.176
## EducationNone of the above 1.187
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.750
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.662
## Income -0.621
## Average_time_outdoors -0.807
## Smoking -6.063
## Disability -0.168
## Deprivation_Index -1.415
## Population_density -1.746
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1149
## Summed_PA_min 0.4362
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 1.05e-07
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1357
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0415
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0296
## EducationNone of the above 0.2354
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0801
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0966
## Income 0.5345
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4197
## Smoking 1.42e-09
## Disability 0.8666
## Deprivation_Index 0.1571
## Population_density 0.0809
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4003, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3987
## F-statistic: 240.6 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(lmF,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt")
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.108056 0.9959406
#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.gm <- (M.beta - F.beta) / sqrt(M.se^2 + F.se^2)
p.nat.gm <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.gm)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.gm
## [1] 0.8777402
p.nat.gm
## [1] 0.1900424
model8wm <- lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8wm)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.807, -26.221, -1.206, 24.317, 178.604
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 703.752741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.662884
## Sex -7.991529
## Age -17.227734
## BMI 0.416939
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.537811
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.894118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.421455
## EducationNone of the above 3.634537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.778106
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.241866
## Income -0.257367
## Average_time_outdoors 0.004909
## Summed_PA_min 0.002773
## Smoking -0.635226
## Disability -1.100106
## Deprivation_Index -0.036651
## Population_density -1.061103
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.302038
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.077968
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.219404
## Sex 1.706209
## Age 0.521561
## BMI 0.436829
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102206
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285622
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956811
## EducationNone of the above 2.193454
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293723
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007042
## Income 0.357055
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254727
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602697
## Disability 0.868732
## Deprivation_Index 0.025213
## Population_density 0.800326
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.323293
## t value
## (Intercept) 338.674
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.021
## Sex -4.684
## Age -33.031
## BMI 0.954
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.302
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.391
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.215
## EducationNone of the above 1.657
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.601
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.619
## Income -0.721
## Average_time_outdoors 0.019
## Summed_PA_min 0.632
## Smoking -1.054
## Disability -1.266
## Deprivation_Index -1.454
## Population_density -1.326
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.934
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00252
## Sex 2.85e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.33987
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02133
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.69566
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.82948
## EducationNone of the above 0.09755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.54755
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53609
## Income 0.47104
## Average_time_outdoors 0.98462
## Summed_PA_min 0.52745
## Smoking 0.29192
## Disability 0.20542
## Deprivation_Index 0.14608
## Population_density 0.18492
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.35019
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1018, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 72 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model8wm,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.9357478 0.3316718
model8hpc <- lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8hpc)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6095, -0.3094, 0.0239, 0.3383, 5.6443
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.143e-04
## Sex 2.876e-01
## Age -2.165e-01
## BMI -1.364e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.419e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.554e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.840e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.687e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.612e-02
## Income -3.834e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.976e-06
## Summed_PA_min 6.125e-05
## Smoking -3.774e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.759e-05
## Population_density -9.711e-03
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.721e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.834e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.992e-03
## Sex 2.327e-02
## Age 7.112e-03
## BMI 5.958e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.474e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.219e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.091e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 4.409e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 175.688
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.138
## Sex 12.361
## Age -30.443
## BMI -2.290
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.609
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.780
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.189
## EducationNone of the above 1.809
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.090
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.589
## Income -0.079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.001
## Summed_PA_min 1.024
## Smoking -4.591
## Disability -1.870
## Deprivation_Index 0.197
## Population_density -0.890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.390
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8899
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0221
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1076
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0751
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0286
## EducationNone of the above 0.0704
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0367
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5559
## Income 0.9373
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9991
## Summed_PA_min 0.3061
## Smoking 4.45e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8442
## Population_density 0.3736
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.6963
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5249 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 125.9 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(model8hpc,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.01036247 0.006921332
model_diagnostics(model8gm)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9859, p-value = 0.2252
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.00882
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.63773
## Sex
## 26.67578
## Age
## -36.90293
## BMI
## -4.97605
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.89854
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.08541
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.92487
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.06119
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.01261
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.26340
## Income
## -0.42587
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.20103
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.00444
## Smoking
## -5.09523
## Disability
## -1.30460
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.01113
## Population_density
## -1.39974
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -0.63491
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 31.8377 2.065e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 15.7374 7.277e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.6786 2.169e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.5882 2.076e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.8336 3.612e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests slight non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no concerning outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
model_diagnostics(model8wm)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.984, p-value = 0.1965
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 703.752741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.662884
## Sex
## -7.991529
## Age
## -17.227734
## BMI
## 0.416939
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.537811
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.894118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.421455
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.634537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.778106
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.241866
## Income
## -0.257367
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.004909
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.002773
## Smoking
## -0.635226
## Disability
## -1.100106
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.036651
## Population_density
## -1.061103
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -0.302038
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 187.638 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 102.373 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.383 1.665e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 18.187 2.002e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.694 5.459e-02 Assumptions acceptable.
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no concerning outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
model_diagnostics(model8hpc, bin_width=0.1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0354, p-value = 0.9708
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 4.143e-04
## Sex
## 2.876e-01
## Age
## -2.165e-01
## BMI
## -1.364e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.419e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.554e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.840e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.687e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.612e-02
## Income
## -3.834e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 3.976e-06
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.125e-05
## Smoking
## -3.774e-02
## Disability
## -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.759e-05
## Population_density
## -9.711e-03
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -1.721e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4072.050 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 153.290 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3818.234 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 97.593 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.932 0.08684 Assumptions acceptable.
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal kurtosis
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: a few outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.182, -22.764, 0.27, 23.863, 179.4
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.995874
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.652078
## Sex 26.001780
## Age -36.877968
## BMI -4.975261
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.968859
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.106773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.891311
## EducationNone of the above 5.006050
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.988328
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.275696
## Income -0.465934
## Average_time_outdoors 0.184048
## Summed_PA_min -0.004247
## Smoking -5.112998
## Disability -1.335654
## Deprivation_Index -0.010966
## Population_density -1.558275
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.634411
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.866673
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.181358
## Sex 1.234749
## Age 0.478874
## BMI 0.401069
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011177
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098756
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796988
## EducationNone of the above 2.014165
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188044
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843167
## Income 0.327877
## Average_time_outdoors 0.234025
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.552885
## Disability 0.797760
## Deprivation_Index 0.023152
## Population_density 0.723864
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.271796
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.103
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.596
## Sex 21.058
## Age -77.010
## BMI -12.405
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.947
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.433
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.609
## EducationNone of the above 2.485
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.832
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.320
## Income -1.421
## Average_time_outdoors 0.786
## Summed_PA_min -1.054
## Smoking -9.248
## Disability -1.674
## Deprivation_Index -0.474
## Population_density -2.153
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.334
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000325
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.051548
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014980
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.107649
## EducationNone of the above 0.012954
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.405486
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.020372
## Income 0.155325
## Average_time_outdoors 0.431623
## Summed_PA_min 0.291958
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.094108
## Deprivation_Index 0.635776
## Population_density 0.031362
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.019606
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4557
## F-statistic: 533.4 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.33687375
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.29658489
## Sex 23.58146014
## Age -37.81664401
## BMI -5.76142390
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.95094016
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.99285075
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.63109329
## EducationNone of the above 1.05794008
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.34044254
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.66277215
## Income -1.10862871
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27468124
## Summed_PA_min -0.01214621
## Smoking -6.19674803
## Disability -2.89940021
## Deprivation_Index -0.05634803
## Population_density -2.97717156
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.16717761
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.654873520
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 1.007571790
## Sex 28.422099508
## Age -35.939292324
## BMI -4.189097280
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.013221237
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.220695199
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.413715026
## EducationNone of the above 8.954159796
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.317099405
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.888620090
## Income 0.176760739
## Average_time_outdoors 0.642776867
## Summed_PA_min 0.003652204
## Smoking -4.029248203
## Disability 0.228092878
## Deprivation_Index 0.034416966
## Population_density -0.139377593
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.101643567
Grey matter: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary(lmM)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -168.877, -22.532, 0.101, 24.065, 178.159
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 788.027756
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.882478
## Summed_PA_min -0.004577
## Age -34.668892
## BMI -8.122995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.236983
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.092041
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.524662
## EducationNone of the above 5.376730
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.959401
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.641021
## Income -0.515298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.506269
## Smoking -5.442359
## Disability -2.288083
## Deprivation_Index 0.024123
## Population_density -1.275243
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.735478
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.259461
## Summed_PA_min 0.005696
## Age 0.670104
## BMI 0.631301
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.494294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.980783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.279004
## EducationNone of the above 2.762868
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.771721
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.978817
## Income 0.478114
## Average_time_outdoors 0.305114
## Smoking 0.766508
## Disability 1.095696
## Deprivation_Index 0.033108
## Population_density 1.026601
## t value
## (Intercept) 288.077
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.401
## Summed_PA_min -0.804
## Age -51.737
## BMI -12.867
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.497
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.708
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.230
## EducationNone of the above 1.946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.542
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.894
## Income -1.078
## Average_time_outdoors 1.659
## Smoking -7.100
## Disability -2.088
## Deprivation_Index 0.729
## Population_density -1.242
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000676
## Summed_PA_min 0.421666
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.134445
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.087638
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.817933
## EducationNone of the above 0.051696
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.588179
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.058314
## Income 0.281181
## Average_time_outdoors 0.097115
## Smoking 1.4e-12
## Disability 0.036820
## Deprivation_Index 0.466260
## Population_density 0.214215
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.373, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3712
## F-statistic: 210 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(lmM,"Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt")
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3738349 1.391121
#Females
lmF <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary(lmF)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -144.443, -22.935, 0.131, 24.033, 115.105
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 814.187360
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.447211
## Summed_PA_min -0.004525
## Age -39.351802
## BMI -2.749615
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.108255
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.962541
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.696002
## EducationNone of the above 3.503859
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.787987
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.849269
## Income -0.304041
## Average_time_outdoors -0.295263
## Smoking -4.861236
## Disability -0.212458
## Deprivation_Index -0.045055
## Population_density -1.890518
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.543111
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.252074
## Summed_PA_min 0.005672
## Age 0.683160
## BMI 0.518145
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.367850
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.945224
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.078849
## EducationNone of the above 2.951673
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.593358
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.342134
## Income 0.448121
## Average_time_outdoors 0.366429
## Smoking 0.794527
## Disability 1.156799
## Deprivation_Index 0.032246
## Population_density 1.015323
## t value
## (Intercept) 320.154
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 1.774
## Summed_PA_min -0.798
## Age -57.603
## BMI -5.307
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.541
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.024
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.175
## EducationNone of the above 1.187
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.750
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.643
## Income -0.678
## Average_time_outdoors -0.806
## Smoking -6.118
## Disability -0.184
## Deprivation_Index -1.397
## Population_density -1.862
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0761
## Summed_PA_min 0.4250
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 1.16e-07
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0430
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0297
## EducationNone of the above 0.2352
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0802
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.1003
## Income 0.4975
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4204
## Smoking 1.01e-09
## Disability 0.8543
## Deprivation_Index 0.1624
## Population_density 0.0627
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt .
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4004, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3987
## F-statistic: 240.7 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(lmF,"Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt")
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.04694904 0.9413705
#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.gm <- (M.beta - F.beta) / sqrt(M.se^2 + F.se^2)
p.nat.gm <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.gm)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.gm
## [1] 1.203235
p.nat.gm
## [1] 0.1144428
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.098, -26.112, -1.191, 24.342, 180.283
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.843684
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.531860
## Sex -8.382901
## Age -17.205626
## BMI 0.427285
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.631910
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.904718
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.434407
## EducationNone of the above 3.596198
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.779385
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.256110
## Income -0.294434
## Average_time_outdoors -0.004255
## Summed_PA_min 0.002931
## Smoking -0.676845
## Disability -1.127330
## Deprivation_Index -0.036286
## Population_density -0.839457
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.291406
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.032929
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.197511
## Sex 1.344722
## Age 0.521525
## BMI 0.436790
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101238
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285682
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.957036
## EducationNone of the above 2.193557
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293858
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007329
## Income 0.357079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254868
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602128
## Disability 0.868813
## Deprivation_Index 0.025214
## Population_density 0.788335
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.296004
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.713
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.693
## Sex -6.234
## Age -32.991
## BMI 0.978
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.396
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.222
## EducationNone of the above 1.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.602
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.626
## Income -0.825
## Average_time_outdoors -0.017
## Summed_PA_min 0.668
## Smoking -1.124
## Disability -1.298
## Deprivation_Index -1.439
## Population_density -1.065
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.984
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0071
## Sex 4.71e-10
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.3280
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0169
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6922
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8243
## EducationNone of the above 0.1011
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5469
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5315
## Income 0.4096
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9867
## Summed_PA_min 0.5042
## Smoking 0.2610
## Disability 0.1945
## Deprivation_Index 0.1501
## Population_density 0.2870
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.3249
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 71.89 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.858795415
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.144704981
## Sex -11.018786296
## Age -18.227905374
## BMI -0.428898213
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.790524230
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.575610910
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.270534052
## EducationNone of the above -0.703550258
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.315568121
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.678598588
## Income -0.994369919
## Average_time_outdoors -0.503840739
## Summed_PA_min -0.005671251
## Smoking -1.857119545
## Disability -2.830352080
## Deprivation_Index -0.085710974
## Population_density -2.384728065
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.871623763
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.82857274
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.91901592
## Sex -5.74701544
## Age -16.18334738
## BMI 1.28346765
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.47329486
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.38504639
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.40172002
## EducationNone of the above 7.89594616
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.75679774
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.19081940
## Income 0.40550272
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49533077
## Summed_PA_min 0.01153425
## Smoking 0.50342862
## Disability 0.57569114
## Deprivation_Index 0.01313801
## Population_density 0.70581398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.28881206
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5921, -0.3081, 0.0226, 0.339, 5.6507
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.667e-03
## Sex 3.017e-01
## Age -2.163e-01
## BMI -1.352e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.359e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.562e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.863e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.469e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.742e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.703e-02
## Income -2.795e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 2.942e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.303e-05
## Smoking -3.815e-02
## Disability -2.211e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.749e-05
## Population_density 9.860e-04
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -5.897e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.772e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.694e-03
## Sex 1.834e-02
## Age 7.110e-03
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.119e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.475e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.075e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 4.036e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.717
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.361
## Sex 16.453
## Age -30.418
## BMI -2.270
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.571
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.198
## EducationNone of the above 1.829
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.121
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.622
## Income -0.057
## Average_time_outdoors 0.008
## Summed_PA_min 1.053
## Smoking -4.648
## Disability -1.866
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density 0.092
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.461
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1735
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0232
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1162
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0746
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0280
## EducationNone of the above 0.0674
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0340
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5336
## Income 0.9542
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9932
## Summed_PA_min 0.2922
## Smoking 3.4e-06
## Disability 0.0621
## Deprivation_Index 0.8444
## Population_density 0.9269
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1440
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1659, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1646
## F-statistic: 126.2 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.927522e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -8.947999e-03
## Sex 2.657469e-01
## Age -2.301970e-01
## BMI -2.519311e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.840527e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.525986e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.332961e-03
## EducationNone of the above -3.923410e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.835479e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.660672e-02
## Income -9.823552e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.781391e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.425223e-05
## Smoking -5.424543e-02
## Disability -4.533609e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.063929e-04
## Population_density -2.008600e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.380931e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0361962188
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0016138868
## Sex 0.3376344881
## Age -0.2023247699
## BMI -0.0018456401
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0530300208
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1167645078
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1109274598
## EducationNone of the above 0.1133110874
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0719997554
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0706763056
## Income 0.0092644806
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068402291
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001803112
## Smoking -0.0220618422
## Disability 0.0011159564
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007413762
## Population_density 0.0220579289
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0020149743
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.821, -10.259, -2.526, 6.973, 176.427
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 27.85302
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.10698
## Age 4.21062
## Sex 0.11492
## BMI 0.14506
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.62401
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.51550
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.06351
## EducationNone of the above 10.32567
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.82953
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.60467
## Income -0.92593
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.71153
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.06396
## Age 0.23859
## Sex 0.34263
## BMI 0.19887
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50709
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05007
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90018
## EducationNone of the above 1.00495
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59533
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92457
## Income 0.16239
## t value
## (Intercept) 39.145
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.673
## Age 17.648
## Sex 0.335
## BMI 0.729
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.231
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.300
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.847
## EducationNone of the above 10.275
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.073
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.899
## Income -5.702
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.09443
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.73734
## BMI 0.46576
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.21851
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.72e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.65e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00212
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.72e-05
## Income 1.22e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06943, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06853
## F-statistic: 77.56 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 26.4583038
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.2323501
## Age 3.7429453
## Sex -0.5566998
## BMI -0.2447626
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6179822
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.4571783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.2989936
## EducationNone of the above 8.3558008
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.6625884
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7923456
## Income -1.2442497
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.24774575
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.01839085
## Age 4.67830046
## Sex 0.78653041
## BMI 0.53488866
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.36996908
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.57382388
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.82801702
## EducationNone of the above 12.29554405
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.99647281
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.41698832
## Income -0.60760606
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -135.156, -10.208, -2.52, 6.957, 175.511
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.097925
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.149953
## Age 4.112060
## Sex 0.266898
## BMI 0.181304
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.519889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.167721
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.808285
## EducationNone of the above 9.844473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.695407
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.534087
## Income -0.837375
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304358
## Summed_PA_min 0.003365
## Smoking 0.643310
## Disability -0.061973
## Deprivation_Index -0.037722
## Population_density 0.253469
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.940263
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.085470
## Age 0.240277
## Sex 0.345736
## BMI 0.201073
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507457
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052284
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900825
## EducationNone of the above 1.009815
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595588
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924020
## Income 0.164368
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117284
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277522
## Disability 0.399978
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.364176
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.756
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.754
## Age 17.114
## Sex 0.772
## BMI 0.902
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.024
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.961
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.558
## EducationNone of the above 9.749
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.847
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.825
## Income -5.095
## Average_time_outdoors 2.595
## Summed_PA_min 1.666
## Smoking 2.318
## Disability -0.155
## Deprivation_Index -3.249
## Population_density 0.696
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.079379
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.440148
## BMI 0.367245
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305621
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.52e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.41e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004427
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000132
## Income 3.55e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009470
## Summed_PA_min 0.095835
## Smoking 0.020464
## Disability 0.876871
## Deprivation_Index 0.001160
## Population_density 0.486439
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07196, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07058
## F-statistic: 52.13 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.2548475558
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.3174880831
## Age 3.6410755402
## Sex -0.4108043028
## BMI -0.2128336233
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.5145905872
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1050645564
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0425143462
## EducationNone of the above 7.8650626388
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5279520204
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7228485273
## Income -1.1595638022
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0744612126
## Summed_PA_min -0.0005953027
## Smoking 0.0993194714
## Disability -0.8459980061
## Deprivation_Index -0.0604775575
## Population_density -0.4603790712
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.941002304
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.017582398
## Age 4.583044317
## Sex 0.944601221
## BMI 0.575441213
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.474813388
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.230378277
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.574055999
## EducationNone of the above 11.823882543
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.862861790
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.345324654
## Income -0.515186419
## Average_time_outdoors 0.534253984
## Summed_PA_min 0.007325439
## Smoking 1.187300439
## Disability 0.722052400
## Deprivation_Index -0.014966041
## Population_density 0.967316780
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.462, -2.464, 0.29, 2.807, 63.086
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.392561
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.069188
## Age -2.420127
## Sex 0.021269
## BMI 0.004732
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.313197
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.302586
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.887817
## EducationNone of the above -1.591257
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.458582
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.141275
## Income 0.353957
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.173340
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.015581
## Age 0.058124
## Sex 0.083470
## BMI 0.048449
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123534
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255814
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219298
## EducationNone of the above 0.244821
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145031
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225240
## Income 0.039562
## t value
## (Intercept) 111.876
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 4.440
## Age -41.637
## Sex 0.255
## BMI 0.098
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.535
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.092
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.048
## EducationNone of the above -6.500
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.162
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.067
## Income 8.947
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 9.06e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.79888
## BMI 0.92220
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01125
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.60e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.19e-05
## EducationNone of the above 8.38e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00157
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.11e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.322 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1925, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1918
## F-statistic: 247.9 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.05278532
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.03864603
## Age -2.53406054
## Sex -0.14234699
## BMI -0.09023593
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.07104959
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.80402508
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.31767921
## EducationNone of the above -2.07114768
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.74286654
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.58278370
## Income 0.27640893
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.73233589
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.09973035
## Age -2.30619377
## Sex 0.18488435
## BMI 0.09969900
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55534481
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.80114750
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.45795532
## EducationNone of the above -1.11136620
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.17429673
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.69976551
## Income 0.43150502
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.939, -2.479, 0.281, 2.777, 63.341
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.491985
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.105551
## Age -2.358692
## Sex -0.067079
## BMI -0.002825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.274235
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.128057
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.779080
## EducationNone of the above -1.363879
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.392829
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.079216
## Income 0.305087
## Average_time_outdoors -0.185128
## Summed_PA_min -0.001461
## Smoking -0.129322
## Disability -0.241808
## Deprivation_Index -0.001370
## Population_density -0.192041
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.228490
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.020770
## Age 0.058389
## Sex 0.084016
## BMI 0.048862
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123315
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255711
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.218906
## EducationNone of the above 0.245391
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144732
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.224542
## Income 0.039942
## Average_time_outdoors 0.028501
## Summed_PA_min 0.000491
## Smoking 0.067439
## Disability 0.097197
## Deprivation_Index 0.002821
## Population_density 0.088497
## t value
## (Intercept) 89.685
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 5.082
## Age -40.396
## Sex -0.798
## BMI -0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.224
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.411
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.559
## EducationNone of the above -5.558
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.714
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.806
## Income 7.638
## Average_time_outdoors -6.496
## Summed_PA_min -2.976
## Smoking -1.918
## Disability -2.488
## Deprivation_Index -0.486
## Population_density -2.170
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.79e-07
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.424652
## BMI 0.953889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.026177
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.04e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000374
## EducationNone of the above 2.79e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006654
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.56e-06
## Income 2.38e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 8.62e-11
## Summed_PA_min 0.002923
## Smoking 0.055187
## Disability 0.012867
## Deprivation_Index 0.627131
## Population_density 0.030025
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking .
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.307 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1987, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1976
## F-statistic: 166.8 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.044105873
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.064838872
## Age -2.473144014
## Sex -0.231764690
## BMI -0.098603168
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.032516845
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.629295457
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.208173193
## EducationNone of the above -1.844887905
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.676527447
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.519357229
## Income 0.226793362
## Average_time_outdoors -0.240994030
## Summed_PA_min -0.002423730
## Smoking -0.261514568
## Disability -0.432330408
## Deprivation_Index -0.006900209
## Population_density -0.365510320
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9398634854
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1462629994
## Age -2.2442399767
## Sex 0.0976069450
## BMI 0.0929523238
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5159538892
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6268195920
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3499874859
## EducationNone of the above -0.8828710321
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1091304325
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6390739021
## Income 0.3833809132
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1292616413
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004989428
## Smoking 0.0028713031
## Disability -0.0512847973
## Deprivation_Index 0.0041593609
## Population_density -0.0185717037
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.849, -10.23, -2.519, 6.963, 175.651
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.096344
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.152325
## Sex -0.428128
## Age 4.114311
## BMI 0.181422
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.513963
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.179435
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.820877
## EducationNone of the above 9.827129
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.692842
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.531675
## Income -0.836990
## Average_time_outdoors 0.307495
## Summed_PA_min 0.003363
## Smoking 0.645205
## Disability -0.060812
## Deprivation_Index -0.037693
## Population_density 0.255447
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.157495
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.940242
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.085489
## Sex 0.659709
## Age 0.240278
## BMI 0.201068
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507467
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052302
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900861
## EducationNone of the above 1.009889
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595578
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924001
## Income 0.164364
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117309
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277520
## Disability 0.399970
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.364171
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.127320
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.755
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.782
## Sex -0.649
## Age 17.123
## BMI 0.902
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.013
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.972
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.572
## EducationNone of the above 9.731
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.842
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.822
## Income -5.092
## Average_time_outdoors 2.621
## Summed_PA_min 1.664
## Smoking 2.325
## Disability -0.152
## Deprivation_Index -3.247
## Population_density 0.701
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 1.237
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.074808
## Sex 0.516374
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.366921
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.311178
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.18e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.97e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004486
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000133
## Income 3.59e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.008772
## Summed_PA_min 0.096072
## Smoking 0.020095
## Disability 0.879158
## Deprivation_Index 0.001170
## Population_density 0.483038
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.216110
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07208, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07062
## F-statistic: 49.32 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.2533078295
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.3198984080
## Sex -1.7212706650
## Age 3.6433236401
## BMI -0.2127060155
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.5086858032
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1167420372
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0550346402
## EducationNone of the above 7.8475738162
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5254074736
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7204750243
## Income -1.1591714134
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0775499472
## Summed_PA_min -0.0005976882
## Smoking 0.1012184694
## Disability -0.8448207490
## Deprivation_Index -0.0604479809
## Population_density -0.4583913948
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0920729917
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.939380527
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.015248627
## Sex 0.865015224
## Age 4.585297586
## BMI 0.575550636
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.480760703
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.242127141
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.586719899
## EducationNone of the above 11.806683530
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.860277260
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.342875235
## Income -0.514807811
## Average_time_outdoors 0.537439542
## Summed_PA_min 0.007322874
## Smoking 1.189190785
## Disability 0.723197624
## Deprivation_Index -0.014937426
## Population_density 0.969285121
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.407063440
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.946, -2.476, 0.276, 2.766, 63.325
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.491790
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.105258
## Sex -0.152814
## Age -2.358414
## BMI -0.002811
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.274966
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.126613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.777527
## EducationNone of the above -1.366019
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.393145
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.079513
## Income 0.305135
## Average_time_outdoors -0.184741
## Summed_PA_min -0.001462
## Smoking -0.129088
## Disability -0.241664
## Deprivation_Index -0.001367
## Population_density -0.191797
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.019428
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.228496
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.020775
## Sex 0.160321
## Age 0.058392
## BMI 0.048863
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123324
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255728
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.218925
## EducationNone of the above 0.245421
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144736
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.224549
## Income 0.039943
## Average_time_outdoors 0.028508
## Summed_PA_min 0.000491
## Smoking 0.067442
## Disability 0.097200
## Deprivation_Index 0.002821
## Population_density 0.088500
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.030941
## t value
## (Intercept) 89.681
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 5.066
## Sex -0.953
## Age -40.389
## BMI -0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.230
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.552
## EducationNone of the above -5.566
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.716
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.807
## Income 7.639
## Average_time_outdoors -6.480
## Summed_PA_min -2.977
## Smoking -1.914
## Disability -2.486
## Deprivation_Index -0.484
## Population_density -2.167
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.628
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 4.12e-07
## Sex 0.340521
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.954129
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025791
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.06e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000384
## EducationNone of the above 2.66e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006612
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 2.36e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 9.53e-11
## Summed_PA_min 0.002917
## Smoking 0.055639
## Disability 0.012923
## Deprivation_Index 0.628044
## Population_density 0.030241
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.530079
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking .
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.307 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1988, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1975
## F-statistic: 157.5 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.043898592
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.064534941
## Sex -0.467071541
## Age -2.472872694
## BMI -0.098591098
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.033230679
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.627884149
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.206658655
## EducationNone of the above -1.847086497
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.676853037
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.519667344
## Income 0.226838699
## Average_time_outdoors -0.240621585
## Summed_PA_min -0.002424062
## Smoking -0.261286367
## Disability -0.432192737
## Deprivation_Index -0.006896778
## Population_density -0.365272591
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.041221611
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9396807763
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1459817183
## Sex 0.1614426024
## Age -2.2439560260
## BMI 0.0929694931
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5167020818
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6253411216
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3483954043
## EducationNone of the above -0.8849513906
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1094375444
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6393587233
## Income 0.3834306829
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1288601146
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004992222
## Smoking 0.0031105397
## Disability -0.0511359763
## Deprivation_Index 0.0041631079
## Population_density -0.0183214340
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0800775490
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.707, -10.186, -2.522, 6.904, 175.729
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.920192
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007137
## Age 4.095255
## Sex 0.281339
## BMI 0.176747
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.478158
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.173084
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.809806
## EducationNone of the above 9.853349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.683265
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.527324
## Income -0.837291
## Average_time_outdoors 0.298970
## Summed_PA_min 0.003334
## Smoking 0.672333
## Disability -0.062050
## Deprivation_Index -0.037968
## Population_density -0.149010
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.936241
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.079988
## Age 0.240175
## Sex 0.345688
## BMI 0.201085
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507023
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052421
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.901022
## EducationNone of the above 1.009946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595648
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924136
## Income 0.164446
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117345
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277217
## Disability 0.400066
## Deprivation_Index 0.011610
## Population_density 0.348777
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.685
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.089
## Age 17.051
## Sex 0.814
## BMI 0.879
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.943
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.965
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.558
## EducationNone of the above 9.756
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.826
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.817
## Income -5.092
## Average_time_outdoors 2.548
## Summed_PA_min 1.650
## Smoking 2.425
## Disability -0.155
## Deprivation_Index -3.270
## Population_density -0.427
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.928900
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.415747
## BMI 0.379437
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.345665
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.38e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.41e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004722
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000136
## Income 3.61e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010854
## Summed_PA_min 0.098958
## Smoking 0.015311
## Disability 0.876746
## Deprivation_Index 0.001078
## Population_density 0.669216
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.73 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07171, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07033
## F-statistic: 51.94 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.0849989812
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.1639279815
## Age 3.6244702455
## Sex -0.3962690709
## BMI -0.2174133964
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4720104297
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1101582158
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0436487705
## EducationNone of the above 7.8736813625
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5156918778
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7158578897
## Income -1.1596324687
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0689530985
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006266216
## Smoking 0.1289401205
## Disability -0.8462472918
## Deprivation_Index -0.0607248447
## Population_density -0.8326718755
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.755385773
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.149653234
## Age 4.566040397
## Sex 0.958946817
## BMI 0.570908062
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.515694079
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.236009656
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.575962841
## EducationNone of the above 11.833016978
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.850837134
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.338789385
## Income -0.514949189
## Average_time_outdoors 0.528986731
## Summed_PA_min 0.007294949
## Smoking 1.215726133
## Disability 0.722147923
## Deprivation_Index -0.015210364
## Population_density 0.534652356
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.737, -2.479, 0.278, 2.783, 63.541
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 2.063e+01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 3.110e-02
## Age -2.349e+00
## Sex -7.660e-02
## BMI 6.812e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.478e-01
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.132e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -7.840e-01
## EducationNone of the above -1.371e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.860e-01
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.075e+00
## Income 3.036e-01
## Average_time_outdoors -1.829e-01
## Summed_PA_min -1.443e-03
## Smoking -1.465e-01
## Disability -2.435e-01
## Deprivation_Index -1.189e-03
## Population_density 2.074e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.277e-01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.945e-02
## Age 5.842e-02
## Sex 8.408e-02
## BMI 4.891e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.233e-01
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.560e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.191e-01
## EducationNone of the above 2.456e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.449e-01
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.248e-01
## Income 4.000e-02
## Average_time_outdoors 2.854e-02
## Summed_PA_min 4.915e-04
## Smoking 6.742e-02
## Disability 9.730e-02
## Deprivation_Index 2.824e-03
## Population_density 8.483e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.604
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.599
## Age -40.207
## Sex -0.911
## BMI 0.001
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.009
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.423
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.577
## EducationNone of the above -5.583
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.664
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.781
## Income 7.591
## Average_time_outdoors -6.407
## Summed_PA_min -2.935
## Smoking -2.172
## Disability -2.502
## Deprivation_Index -0.421
## Population_density 0.245
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.109949
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.362271
## BMI 0.998889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.044556
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.84e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000349
## EducationNone of the above 2.42e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007723
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.76e-06
## Income 3.41e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.55e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003339
## Smoking 0.029848
## Disability 0.012361
## Deprivation_Index 0.673656
## Population_density 0.806835
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1971, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1959
## F-statistic: 165.1 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.185391515
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007035365
## Age -2.463243399
## Sex -0.241410563
## BMI -0.095799856
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.006026652
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.633785618
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.213533580
## EducationNone of the above -1.852903343
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.669984041
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.515263542
## Income 0.225228278
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238797576
## Summed_PA_min -0.002405932
## Smoking -0.278636746
## Disability -0.434195661
## Deprivation_Index -0.006724237
## Population_density -0.145538421
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.078104839
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.069234016
## Age -2.234234233
## Sex 0.088205728
## BMI 0.095936086
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.489477143
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.630293952
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.354402373
## EducationNone of the above -0.889911741
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.102028835
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.634092319
## Income 0.382028470
## Average_time_outdoors -0.126907964
## Summed_PA_min -0.000479244
## Smoking -0.014308104
## Disability -0.052729787
## Deprivation_Index 0.004345817
## Population_density 0.187022867
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.476, -10.198, -2.544, 6.924, 175.96
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.921586
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.008410
## Sex -0.184557
## Age 4.093829
## BMI 0.178130
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.475382
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.173112
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.822540
## EducationNone of the above 9.846781
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.680614
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.522131
## Income -0.836631
## Average_time_outdoors 0.302382
## Summed_PA_min 0.003310
## Smoking 0.670745
## Disability -0.060249
## Deprivation_Index -0.037974
## Population_density -0.149518
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.158713
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.936216
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.079992
## Sex 0.503418
## Age 0.240172
## BMI 0.201082
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507014
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052392
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.901053
## EducationNone of the above 1.009932
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595636
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924120
## Income 0.164442
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117373
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277212
## Disability 0.400057
## Deprivation_Index 0.011610
## Population_density 0.348767
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.124673
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.688
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.105
## Sex -0.367
## Age 17.045
## BMI 0.886
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.938
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.965
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.572
## EducationNone of the above 9.750
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.822
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.811
## Income -5.088
## Average_time_outdoors 2.576
## Summed_PA_min 1.638
## Smoking 2.420
## Disability -0.151
## Deprivation_Index -3.271
## Population_density -0.429
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 1.273
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.916267
## Sex 0.713918
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.375713
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.348464
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.37e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.97e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004788
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000139
## Income 3.68e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010000
## Summed_PA_min 0.101461
## Smoking 0.015553
## Disability 0.880293
## Deprivation_Index 0.001075
## Population_density 0.668147
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.203032
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07184, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07038
## F-statistic: 49.15 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.0864413356
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.1652089451
## Sex -1.1713425614
## Age 3.6230512780
## BMI -0.2160254212
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4692164294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1102424385
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0563219654
## EducationNone of the above 7.8671411953
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5130655543
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7106970308
## Income -1.1589654305
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0723117048
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006511156
## Smoking 0.1273613967
## Disability -0.8444301751
## Deprivation_Index -0.0607308920
## Population_density -0.8331620333
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0856672364
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.756731029
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.148388263
## Sex 0.802228733
## Age 4.564606126
## BMI 0.572286149
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.518452524
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.235981911
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.588757852
## EducationNone of the above 11.826421027
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.848161709
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.333565494
## Income -0.514296444
## Average_time_outdoors 0.532452862
## Summed_PA_min 0.007270597
## Smoking 1.214128918
## Disability 0.723932280
## Deprivation_Index -0.015217642
## Population_density 0.534125987
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.403092708
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.732, -2.482, 0.285, 2.782, 63.534
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6318444
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0310114
## Sex -0.1087657
## Age -2.3488373
## BMI 0.0001636
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2479436
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1320378
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7830889
## EducationNone of the above -1.3718610
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3861894
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0750364
## Income 0.3036739
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1826172
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014443
## Smoking -0.1465821
## Disability -0.2433384
## Deprivation_Index -0.0011897
## Population_density 0.0207071
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0109568
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2277219
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0194570
## Sex 0.1224496
## Age 0.0584185
## BMI 0.0489105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233242
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559801
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191688
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456522
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448802
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247796
## Income 0.0399983
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285493
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004915
## Smoking 0.0674281
## Disability 0.0973085
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028239
## Population_density 0.0848329
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0303249
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.601
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.594
## Sex -0.888
## Age -40.207
## BMI 0.003
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.011
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.422
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.573
## EducationNone of the above -5.585
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.666
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.783
## Income 7.592
## Average_time_outdoors -6.397
## Summed_PA_min -2.939
## Smoking -2.174
## Disability -2.501
## Deprivation_Index -0.421
## Population_density 0.244
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.361
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.110999
## Sex 0.374425
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.997331
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.044402
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.85e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000354
## EducationNone of the above 2.40e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007696
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.75e-06
## Income 3.39e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.65e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003305
## Smoking 0.029733
## Disability 0.012409
## Deprivation_Index 0.673549
## Population_density 0.807163
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.717872
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1971, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1959
## F-statistic: 155.9 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.185470450
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007127676
## Sex -0.348787895
## Age -2.463347489
## BMI -0.095709424
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.006206877
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.633802757
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.212697292
## EducationNone of the above -1.853381374
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.670179585
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.515643054
## Income 0.225270462
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238578725
## Summed_PA_min -0.002407699
## Smoking -0.278752738
## Disability -0.434079795
## Deprivation_Index -0.006724909
## Population_density -0.145579945
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.048485288
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.078218348
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.069150567
## Sex 0.131256399
## Age -2.234327117
## BMI 0.096036611
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.489680234
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.630272914
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.353480452
## EducationNone of the above -0.890340568
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.102199300
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.634429723
## Income 0.382077398
## Average_time_outdoors -0.126655666
## Summed_PA_min -0.000480850
## Smoking -0.014411364
## Disability -0.052597023
## Deprivation_Index 0.004345569
## Population_density 0.186994214
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.070398901
Required UKB variables: * 699 - Length of time at current address - Instances 0 and 2 (unit: years) * 53 - Date of attending assessment centre - Instances 0 and 2 (format: YYYY-MM-DD) Approach: Include if var 699 (Instance) >= Difference in 53 (Instance 2 minus Instance 0) Note: This is a conservative estimate of the subset of participants with no change in home address between baseline and 2014-2015. We were unable to use the actual dates of the online cognitive assessment (var 20136 and 20137; below) because variable 699 was not collected at the same time as the online cognitive assessment; the nearest time at which variable 699 was collected is Instance 2. * 20136 - When trail making test completed * 20137 - When symbol digit substitution test completed
#convert dates to date data type
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_0 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.0)
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_2 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.2)
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_3 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.3)
#include only observations with no missing data for Var 699 and Var 53
HomeChangeTest_T2 <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2, !is.na(Date_attending_centre_0) & !is.na(Date_attending_centre_2) & !is.na(Time_at_current_address_T2))
length(HomeChangeTest_T2$ID)
## [1] 11389
#include only observations with no change in address between T2 and T0
NoHomeChange_T2 <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (round(as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0)))
#more stringent version, where time difference between T2 and T0 is not rounded:
# NoHomeChange_T2 <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0))
length(NoHomeChange_T2$ID)
## [1] 9168
#use CogsBrainCov.df because variables (such as age, BMI, natural environment) are not yet re-scaled
#convert dates to date data type
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_0 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.0)
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_2 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.2)
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_3 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.3)
#include only observations with no missing data for Var 699 and Var 53
HomeChangeTest_T2_unscaled <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df, !is.na(Date_attending_centre_0) & !is.na(Date_attending_centre_2) & !is.na(Time_at_current_address_T2))
#include only observations with no change in address between T2 and T0
NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2_unscaled,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (round(as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0)))
NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled$included<-"Participants with no change in home location"
AnalyticalVsNoHomeChange<-rbind(CogsBrainCov.df, NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled)
vars2<- subset(AnalyticalVsNoHomeChange, select = c(2:44, 49))
vars2 %>% tbl_summary(
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2,
by = "included"
)
Table for restricted sample with no change in home location, stratified by sex
library(dplyr)
tbl_summary(
select(NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled, c(2:43)),
by = "Sex",
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2
) %>%
add_p(test = list(all_continuous() ~ "t.test",
all_categorical() ~ "chisq.test"))
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.542, -10.378, -2.445, 7.069, 176.524
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 28.33421
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.12617
## Age 4.16635
## Sex -0.06555
## BMI 0.19172
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.66821
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.25952
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.47783
## EducationNone of the above 10.14641
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.60136
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.49815
## Income -1.03069
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.84084
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.08426
## Age 0.27231
## Sex 0.38613
## BMI 0.22640
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.56854
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.18159
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.02491
## EducationNone of the above 1.11431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.66760
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.04308
## Income 0.18495
## t value
## (Intercept) 33.698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.497
## Age 15.300
## Sex -0.170
## BMI 0.847
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.175
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.605
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.296
## EducationNone of the above 9.106
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.399
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.354
## Income -5.573
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.134348
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.865208
## BMI 0.397139
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.239906
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000314
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.21e-13
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.016474
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000801
## Income 2.58e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.87 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07043, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06932
## F-statistic: 63.07 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 26.6859797
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2913440
## Age 3.6325558
## Sex -0.8224403
## BMI -0.2520879
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.7826836
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.9433459
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.4687750
## EducationNone of the above 7.9621207
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.2927194
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.4534724
## Income -1.3932412
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.98243281
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.03900692
## Age 4.70013654
## Sex 0.69134829
## BMI 0.63551793
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.44626398
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.57569238
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.48688398
## EducationNone of the above 12.33069822
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.91000591
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.54281992
## Income -0.66813938
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.927, -10.378, -2.474, 7.028, 175.881
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.663464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.166933
## Age 4.077772
## Sex 0.071358
## BMI 0.217272
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.584442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.946311
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.233810
## EducationNone of the above 9.687225
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.457983
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.412258
## Income -0.955003
## Average_time_outdoors 0.236239
## Summed_PA_min 0.002844
## Smoking 0.820508
## Disability -0.151050
## Deprivation_Index -0.037015
## Population_density 0.211265
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.078580
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.113990
## Age 0.274398
## Sex 0.389934
## BMI 0.228838
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.569009
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184442
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026454
## EducationNone of the above 1.121473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668308
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042621
## Income 0.187506
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131406
## Summed_PA_min 0.002256
## Smoking 0.316137
## Disability 0.449637
## Deprivation_Index 0.013037
## Population_density 0.415530
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.721
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.464
## Age 14.861
## Sex 0.183
## BMI 0.949
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.332
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.047
## EducationNone of the above 8.638
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.182
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.273
## Income -5.093
## Average_time_outdoors 1.798
## Summed_PA_min 1.261
## Smoking 2.595
## Disability -0.336
## Deprivation_Index -2.839
## Population_density 0.508
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.143104
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.854801
## BMI 0.342414
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.304390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000866
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.96e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.029164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001069
## Income 3.59e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.072246
## Summed_PA_min 0.207329
## Smoking 0.009463
## Disability 0.736925
## Deprivation_Index 0.004533
## Population_density 0.611169
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07277, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07104
## F-statistic: 42.24 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.549206807
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.390379139
## Age 3.539890838
## Sex -0.692999113
## BMI -0.231301952
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.699827266
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.624540408
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.221731091
## EducationNone of the above 7.488888807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.147950357
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.368489279
## Income -1.322556339
## Average_time_outdoors -0.021346644
## Summed_PA_min -0.001577034
## Smoking 0.200809493
## Disability -1.032439499
## Deprivation_Index -0.062571668
## Population_density -0.603266839
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.777720389
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.056512626
## Age 4.615652966
## Sex 0.835715815
## BMI 0.665845157
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.530943196
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.268081797
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.245888988
## EducationNone of the above 11.885562177
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.768014901
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.456027478
## Income -0.587449966
## Average_time_outdoors 0.493824640
## Summed_PA_min 0.007265585
## Smoking 1.440207490
## Disability 0.730339225
## Deprivation_Index -0.011459120
## Population_density 1.025797540
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.3032, -2.4748, 0.2909, 2.7957, 17.5087
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.2587015
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0763465
## Age -2.3665938
## Sex 0.0276721
## BMI -0.0004921
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2925091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.4101328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.0763133
## EducationNone of the above -1.4857498
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3501182
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0872918
## Income 0.3692304
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2017378
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0202170
## Age 0.0653343
## Sex 0.0926415
## BMI 0.0543201
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1364082
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834924
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2459021
## EducationNone of the above 0.2673502
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1601739
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2502617
## Income 0.0443751
## t value
## (Intercept) 95.464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.776
## Age -36.223
## Sex 0.299
## BMI -0.009
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.144
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.974
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.377
## EducationNone of the above -5.557
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.186
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.345
## Income 8.321
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00016
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.76518
## BMI 0.99277
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.03203
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.67e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.22e-05
## EducationNone of the above 2.82e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.02885
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.41e-05
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.287 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1895, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1885
## F-statistic: 194.6 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 18.86325035
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.03671678
## Age -2.49466361
## Sex -0.15392595
## BMI -0.10697165
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02511871
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.96584122
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.55833620
## EducationNone of the above -2.00981588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.66409481
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.57786066
## Income 0.28224526
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.65415270
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.11597630
## Age -2.23852402
## Sex 0.20927017
## BMI 0.10598740
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55989953
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.85442432
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.59429038
## EducationNone of the above -0.96168381
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.03614168
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.59672292
## Income 0.45621550
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.7309, -2.4487, 0.3098, 2.7826, 16.7792
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4731781
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1049642
## Age -2.3017839
## Sex -0.0647237
## BMI -0.0003595
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2575920
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2375398
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9552446
## EducationNone of the above -1.2323779
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2744497
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0226342
## Income 0.3158093
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1683762
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017416
## Smoking -0.2049351
## Disability -0.3315875
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035700
## Population_density -0.1259416
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2579946
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0272662
## Age 0.0656356
## Sex 0.0932716
## BMI 0.0547377
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1361062
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2833167
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2455262
## EducationNone of the above 0.2682545
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1598582
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2493933
## Income 0.0448511
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314322
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005395
## Smoking 0.0756195
## Disability 0.1075525
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031185
## Population_density 0.0993942
## t value
## (Intercept) 79.355
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.850
## Age -35.069
## Sex -0.694
## BMI -0.007
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.368
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.891
## EducationNone of the above -4.594
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.717
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.100
## Income 7.041
## Average_time_outdoors -5.357
## Summed_PA_min -3.228
## Smoking -2.710
## Disability -3.083
## Deprivation_Index -1.145
## Population_density -1.267
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000119
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.487746
## BMI 0.994760
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.058445
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.27e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000101
## EducationNone of the above 4.41e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.086044
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.16e-05
## Income 2.04e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.68e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001251
## Smoking 0.006739
## Disability 0.002055
## Deprivation_Index 0.252333
## Population_density 0.205155
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.27 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1964, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1949
## F-statistic: 131.5 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.967451090
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.051516251
## Age -2.430444220
## Sex -0.247556801
## BMI -0.107657594
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.009206467
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.792903879
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.436530833
## EducationNone of the above -1.758216755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.587807474
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.511500698
## Income 0.227891155
## Average_time_outdoors -0.229990279
## Summed_PA_min -0.002799142
## Smoking -0.353166119
## Disability -0.542414459
## Deprivation_Index -0.009683033
## Population_density -0.320776479
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9789051429
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1584120858
## Age -2.1731235461
## Sex 0.1181094974
## BMI 0.1069386373
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5243904535
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6821758025
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4739583508
## EducationNone of the above -0.7065391351
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0389080015
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5337677439
## Income 0.4037274876
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1067620869
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006840011
## Smoking -0.0567039925
## Disability -0.1207604545
## Deprivation_Index 0.0025430109
## Population_density 0.0688932561
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.538, -10.381, -2.423, 7.011, 176.088
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.662969
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.169454
## Sex -1.122815
## Age 4.081136
## BMI 0.215167
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.583652
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.961498
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.244276
## EducationNone of the above 9.663189
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.446051
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.408938
## Income -0.952674
## Average_time_outdoors 0.239930
## Summed_PA_min 0.002838
## Smoking 0.822732
## Disability -0.148156
## Deprivation_Index -0.037013
## Population_density 0.214798
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.250516
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.078507
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.113995
## Sex 0.890580
## Age 0.274389
## BMI 0.228827
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568971
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026409
## EducationNone of the above 1.121513
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668311
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042553
## Income 0.187500
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131421
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.316119
## Disability 0.449611
## Deprivation_Index 0.013037
## Population_density 0.415509
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.167970
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.722
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.487
## Sex -1.261
## Age 14.874
## BMI 0.940
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.026
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.058
## EducationNone of the above 8.616
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.270
## Income -5.081
## Average_time_outdoors 1.826
## Summed_PA_min 1.258
## Smoking 2.603
## Disability -0.330
## Deprivation_Index -2.839
## Population_density 0.517
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 1.491
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.137179
## Sex 0.207424
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.347087
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305012
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000827
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.81e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.030510
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001080
## Income 3.83e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.067934
## Summed_PA_min 0.208311
## Smoking 0.009267
## Disability 0.741771
## Deprivation_Index 0.004533
## Population_density 0.605203
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.135883
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07299, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07117
## F-statistic: 40.02 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.548853871
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.392909997
## Sex -2.868550465
## Age 3.543273190
## BMI -0.233385201
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.698962889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.639796938
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.232284368
## EducationNone of the above 7.464772170
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.136012330
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.365300878
## Income -1.320215325
## Average_time_outdoors -0.017684099
## Summed_PA_min -0.001583066
## Smoking 0.203067599
## Disability -1.029494161
## Deprivation_Index -0.062567346
## Population_density -0.599693275
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.078743281
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.777084833
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.054001022
## Sex 0.622920449
## Age 4.618999725
## BMI 0.663718964
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.531659337
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.283199363
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.256267155
## EducationNone of the above 11.861605484
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.756089369
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.452575005
## Income -0.585132621
## Average_time_outdoors 0.497544090
## Summed_PA_min 0.007258978
## Smoking 1.442396483
## Disability 0.733183085
## Deprivation_Index -0.011458216
## Population_density 1.029288610
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.579775228
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.7293, -2.4524, 0.3082, 2.7814, 16.7602
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4731211
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1046734
## Sex -0.2024285
## Age -2.3013959
## BMI -0.0006022
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2576831
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2357886
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9540377
## EducationNone of the above -1.2351497
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2758256
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0230171
## Income 0.3160779
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1679506
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017423
## Smoking -0.2046786
## Disability -0.3312537
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035697
## Population_density -0.1255343
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0288880
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2580014
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0272700
## Sex 0.2130452
## Age 0.0656395
## BMI 0.0547402
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1361098
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2833347
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2455385
## EducationNone of the above 0.2682893
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1598739
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2494004
## Income 0.0448538
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314386
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005395
## Smoking 0.0756223
## Disability 0.1075564
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031186
## Population_density 0.0993985
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0401820
## t value
## (Intercept) 79.353
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.838
## Sex -0.950
## Age -35.061
## BMI -0.011
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.885
## EducationNone of the above -4.604
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.725
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.102
## Income 7.047
## Average_time_outdoors -5.342
## Summed_PA_min -3.229
## Smoking -2.707
## Disability -3.080
## Deprivation_Index -1.145
## Population_density -1.263
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.719
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000125
## Sex 0.342053
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.991223
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.058363
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.31e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000103
## EducationNone of the above 4.20e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.084513
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.13e-05
## Income 1.96e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 9.40e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001245
## Smoking 0.006810
## Disability 0.002077
## Deprivation_Index 0.252386
## Population_density 0.206643
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.472203
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.27 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1964, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1949
## F-statistic: 124.3 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.967380713
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.051218228
## Sex -0.620044705
## Age -2.430063987
## BMI -0.107905173
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.009122503
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.791187799
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.435347952
## EducationNone of the above -1.761056712
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.589214108
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.511897620
## Income 0.228154370
## Average_time_outdoors -0.229577211
## Summed_PA_min -0.002799901
## Smoking -0.352915277
## Disability -0.542088205
## Deprivation_Index -0.009682894
## Population_density -0.320377466
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.049877686
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.978861533
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.158128643
## Sex 0.215187783
## Age -2.172727818
## BMI 0.106700809
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.524488745
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.680389327
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.472727545
## EducationNone of the above -0.709242702
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.037562834
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.534136608
## Income 0.404001447
## Average_time_outdoors -0.106323908
## Summed_PA_min -0.000684700
## Smoking -0.056442022
## Disability -0.120419133
## Deprivation_Index 0.002543474
## Population_density 0.069308894
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.107653643
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.734, -10.406, -2.452, 6.989, 175.803
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.381755
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.112072
## Age 4.073158
## Sex 0.089566
## BMI 0.214924
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.559091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.933304
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.232788
## EducationNone of the above 9.689816
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.454420
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.413046
## Income -0.946401
## Average_time_outdoors 0.237955
## Summed_PA_min 0.002798
## Smoking 0.831207
## Disability -0.143590
## Deprivation_Index -0.037113
## Population_density 0.098042
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.055258
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.102294
## Age 0.274379
## Sex 0.389667
## BMI 0.228839
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568590
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184457
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026608
## EducationNone of the above 1.121595
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668391
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042734
## Income 0.187471
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131447
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.315965
## Disability 0.449643
## Deprivation_Index 0.013038
## Population_density 0.409265
## t value
## (Intercept) 25.000
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.096
## Age 14.845
## Sex 0.230
## BMI 0.939
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.983
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.321
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.045
## EducationNone of the above 8.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.176
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.273
## Income -5.048
## Average_time_outdoors 1.810
## Summed_PA_min 1.241
## Smoking 2.631
## Disability -0.319
## Deprivation_Index -2.847
## Population_density 0.240
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.273285
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.818212
## BMI 0.347657
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.325489
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000901
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.98e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.029581
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001067
## Income 4.54e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.070285
## Summed_PA_min 0.214687
## Smoking 0.008535
## Disability 0.749474
## Deprivation_Index 0.004430
## Population_density 0.810679
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07267, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07095
## F-statistic: 42.18 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.313214098
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.312590826
## Age 3.535313556
## Sex -0.674268685
## BMI -0.233651339
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.673654192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.611504515
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.220407104
## EducationNone of the above 7.491239712
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144224256
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.369055455
## Income -1.313886331
## Average_time_outdoors -0.019709795
## Summed_PA_min -0.001622318
## Smoking 0.211845810
## Disability -1.024989698
## Deprivation_Index -0.062671216
## Population_density -0.704208790
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.45029561
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.08844608
## Age 4.61100308
## Sex 0.85339985
## BMI 0.66349840
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55547311
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.25510345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.24516931
## EducationNone of the above 11.88839162
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.76461534
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.45703653
## Income -0.57891609
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49561962
## Summed_PA_min 0.00721920
## Smoking 1.45056908
## Disability 0.73780996
## Deprivation_Index -0.01155550
## Population_density 0.90029339
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.6608, -2.4665, 0.3111, 2.7845, 16.8734
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6583829
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0533742
## Age -2.2985292
## Sex -0.0768605
## BMI 0.0017894
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2400243
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2289340
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9507641
## EducationNone of the above -1.2314128
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2692843
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0204769
## Income 0.3107112
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1689176
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017091
## Smoking -0.2133681
## Disability -0.3360756
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035189
## Population_density -0.0097173
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2525418
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0244807
## Age 0.0656638
## Sex 0.0932542
## BMI 0.0547651
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1360736
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2456854
## EducationNone of the above 0.2684173
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1599577
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2495445
## Income 0.0448651
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314575
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005397
## Smoking 0.0756159
## Disability 0.1076074
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031203
## Population_density 0.0979444
## t value
## (Intercept) 81.802
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.180
## Age -35.005
## Sex -0.824
## BMI 0.033
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.764
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.335
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.870
## EducationNone of the above -4.588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.683
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.089
## Income 6.925
## Average_time_outdoors -5.370
## Summed_PA_min -3.167
## Smoking -2.822
## Disability -3.123
## Deprivation_Index -1.128
## Population_density -0.099
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.02926
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.40984
## BMI 0.97394
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.07778
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.47e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.00011
## EducationNone of the above 4.54e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.09232
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.36e-05
## Income 4.64e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.08e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.00155
## Smoking 0.00479
## Disability 0.00179
## Deprivation_Index 0.25946
## Population_density 0.92097
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.273 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1955, Adjusted R-squared: 0.194
## F-statistic: 130.8 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.163344718
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005386599
## Age -2.427244959
## Sex -0.259659503
## BMI -0.105562489
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.026710424
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.784581532
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.432362372
## EducationNone of the above -1.757570707
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.582837173
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.509639866
## Income 0.222765535
## Average_time_outdoors -0.230581328
## Summed_PA_min -0.002767065
## Smoking -0.361592281
## Disability -0.547010143
## Deprivation_Index -0.009635304
## Population_density -0.201710100
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.1534211640
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1013617919
## Age -2.1698135152
## Sex 0.1059384759
## BMI 0.1091412388
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5067589881
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6732865479
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4691659134
## EducationNone of the above -0.7052548349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0442685511
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5313140179
## Income 0.3986568551
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1072539242
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006511342
## Smoking -0.0651439919
## Disability -0.1251411489
## Deprivation_Index 0.0025975861
## Population_density 0.1822755210
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.285, -10.387, -2.448, 7.049, 176.402
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.368445
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.113747
## Sex -1.249872
## Age 4.065600
## BMI 0.216172
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.559340
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.940362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.252089
## EducationNone of the above 9.663659
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.442596
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.390594
## Income -0.942762
## Average_time_outdoors 0.246941
## Summed_PA_min 0.002706
## Smoking 0.827869
## Disability -0.135765
## Deprivation_Index -0.036921
## Population_density 0.104181
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.353851
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.055024
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.102272
## Sex 0.698684
## Age 0.274334
## BMI 0.228785
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568456
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184180
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026399
## EducationNone of the above 1.121386
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668252
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042532
## Income 0.187433
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131473
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.315893
## Disability 0.449549
## Deprivation_Index 0.013035
## Population_density 0.409177
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.153222
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.993
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.112
## Sex -1.789
## Age 14.820
## BMI 0.945
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.984
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.066
## EducationNone of the above 8.618
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.252
## Income -5.030
## Average_time_outdoors 1.878
## Summed_PA_min 1.200
## Smoking 2.621
## Disability -0.302
## Deprivation_Index -2.832
## Population_density 0.255
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.309
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.26608
## Sex 0.07367
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.34475
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.32516
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.00088
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.72e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.03089
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.00115
## Income 5.00e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.06038
## Summed_PA_min 0.23013
## Smoking 0.00879
## Disability 0.76266
## Deprivation_Index 0.00463
## Population_density 0.79903
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.02094
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex .
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07321, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07139
## F-statistic: 40.15 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.300362655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.314223488
## Sex -2.619448954
## Age 3.527844438
## BMI -0.232298112
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.673639924
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.619104411
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.240117575
## EducationNone of the above 7.465490868
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.132671955
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.346998494
## Income -1.310173480
## Average_time_outdoors -0.010775323
## Summed_PA_min -0.001714116
## Smoking 0.208647807
## Disability -1.016981293
## Deprivation_Index -0.062473344
## Population_density -0.697897157
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.053502038
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.436526650
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.086728581
## Sex 0.119705869
## Age 4.603355892
## BMI 0.664641774
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.554959795
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.261619681
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.264060528
## EducationNone of the above 11.861826243
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.752519699
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.434189679
## Income -0.575351234
## Average_time_outdoors 0.504657926
## Summed_PA_min 0.007126692
## Smoking 1.447090842
## Disability 0.745451172
## Deprivation_Index -0.011368688
## Population_density 0.906259089
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.654199467
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.658, -2.4634, 0.311, 2.7799, 16.8683
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6580619
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0533338
## Sex -0.1091690
## Age -2.2987115
## BMI 0.0018195
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2400183
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2287638
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9502986
## EducationNone of the above -1.2320437
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2695695
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0210185
## Income 0.3107990
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1687009
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017113
## Smoking -0.2134487
## Disability -0.3358869
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035142
## Population_density -0.0095692
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0085352
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2525586
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0244826
## Sex 0.1672557
## Age 0.0656719
## BMI 0.0547681
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1360807
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834769
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2457062
## EducationNone of the above 0.2684449
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1599707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2495682
## Income 0.0448690
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314729
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005398
## Smoking 0.0756206
## Disability 0.1076160
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031205
## Population_density 0.0979515
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0366792
## t value
## (Intercept) 81.795
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.178
## Sex -0.653
## Age -35.003
## BMI 0.033
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.764
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.335
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.868
## EducationNone of the above -4.590
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.685
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.091
## Income 6.927
## Average_time_outdoors -5.360
## Summed_PA_min -3.170
## Smoking -2.823
## Disability -3.121
## Deprivation_Index -1.126
## Population_density -0.098
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.233
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.029399
## Sex 0.513962
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.973499
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.077800
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.48e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000111
## EducationNone of the above 4.50e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.092000
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.33e-05
## Income 4.59e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.52e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001529
## Smoking 0.004774
## Disability 0.001807
## Deprivation_Index 0.260123
## Population_density 0.922178
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.816001
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.273 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1955, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1939
## F-statistic: 123.5 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.162990681
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005342506
## Sex -0.437027507
## Age -2.427443085
## BMI -0.105538229
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.026730239
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.784441865
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.431937685
## EducationNone of the above -1.758255687
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.583147794
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.510227990
## Income 0.222845652
## Average_time_outdoors -0.230394784
## Summed_PA_min -0.002769508
## Smoking -0.361682015
## Disability -0.546838300
## Deprivation_Index -0.009631105
## Population_density -0.201576008
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.063364265
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.1531330927
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1013250755
## Sex 0.2186895697
## Age -2.1699800086
## BMI 0.1091771992
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5067667654
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6730857208
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4686594917
## EducationNone of the above -0.7058317221
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0440087619
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5318090150
## Income 0.3987522826
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1070069486
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006531366
## Smoking -0.0652152948
## Disability -0.1249355093
## Deprivation_Index 0.0026026667
## Population_density 0.1824375697
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0804346759
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -169.882, -23.196, 0.437, 24.015, 175.589
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.1015
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.4533
## Age -37.1768
## Sex 23.9573
## BMI -5.1525
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6088
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.8213
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6814
## EducationNone of the above 4.3628
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8417
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1920
## Income -0.3800
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.4232
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1279
## Age 0.4772
## Sex 0.6853
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0143
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1004
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8006
## EducationNone of the above 2.0102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1908
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8494
## Income 0.3248
## t value
## (Intercept) 555.846
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.543
## Age -77.899
## Sex 34.956
## BMI -12.953
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.586
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.295
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.489
## EducationNone of the above 2.170
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.267
## Income -1.170
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000397
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.112744
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.021729
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.136468
## EducationNone of the above 0.029997
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.479676
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.023425
## Income 0.242082
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4519, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4513
## F-statistic: 857 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.3117144
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.2025284
## Age -38.1122277
## Sex 22.6138626
## BMI -5.9322661
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.5969815
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.7040888
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.8480647
## EducationNone of the above 0.4225870
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.4924621
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5669451
## Income -1.0167298
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 793.8913000
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.7040734
## Age -36.2412821
## Sex 25.3006609
## BMI -4.3727674
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3794210
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.9384154
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.2108699
## EducationNone of the above 8.3030644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.1758938
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.8171422
## Income 0.2567176
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.019, -22.864, 0.247, 24.055, 178.525
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.563226
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.624306
## Age -36.934604
## Sex 23.674363
## BMI -4.963924
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.853993
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.171033
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.038026
## EducationNone of the above 5.044845
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.021188
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.279764
## Income -0.445781
## Average_time_outdoors 0.199942
## Summed_PA_min -0.004372
## Smoking -5.073240
## Disability -1.313960
## Deprivation_Index -0.011630
## Population_density -1.615714
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.875610
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.170492
## Age 0.479298
## Sex 0.689665
## BMI 0.401094
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012260
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099065
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796939
## EducationNone of the above 2.014349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188062
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843208
## Income 0.327876
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233954
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.553593
## Disability 0.797864
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.726448
## t value
## (Intercept) 426.828
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.662
## Age -77.060
## Sex 34.327
## BMI -12.376
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.832
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.463
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.691
## EducationNone of the above 2.504
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.860
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.322
## Income -1.360
## Average_time_outdoors 0.855
## Summed_PA_min -1.085
## Smoking -9.164
## Disability -1.647
## Deprivation_Index -0.502
## Population_density -2.224
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000252
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.067046
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.013774
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.090928
## EducationNone of the above 0.012278
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.390060
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.020255
## Income 0.173982
## Average_time_outdoors 0.392779
## Summed_PA_min 0.278013
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.099617
## Deprivation_Index 0.615517
## Population_density 0.026159
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4563, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 564.4 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 796.88670890
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.29011160
## Age -37.87410963
## Sex 22.32250172
## BMI -5.75013802
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.83819541
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05650552
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.48428186
## EducationNone of the above 1.09637560
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.30761698
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.66675934
## Income -1.08847361
## Average_time_outdoors -0.25864820
## Summed_PA_min -0.01227226
## Smoking -6.15837647
## Disability -2.87791059
## Deprivation_Index -0.05702284
## Population_density -3.03967708
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.239742877
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.958500423
## Age -35.995097786
## Sex 25.026225130
## BMI -4.177710371
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.130209620
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.285561006
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.560334423
## EducationNone of the above 8.993314080
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.349992928
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.892769063
## Income 0.196911596
## Average_time_outdoors 0.658533006
## Summed_PA_min 0.003527808
## Smoking -3.988103769
## Disability 0.249990624
## Deprivation_Index 0.033762209
## Population_density -0.191751039
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.502, -26.165, -1.059, 24.502, 182.085
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.4279
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.3916
## Age -17.3220
## Sex -9.3690
## BMI 0.3295
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.5623
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9978
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.2924
## EducationNone of the above 3.6839
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7411
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2342
## Income -0.2858
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.5438
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1388
## Age 0.5177
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1002
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9531
## EducationNone of the above 2.1804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2917
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0061
## Income 0.3523
## t value
## (Intercept) 454.995
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.822
## Age -33.461
## Sex -12.603
## BMI 0.764
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.329
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.438
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.150
## EducationNone of the above 1.690
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.574
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.615
## Income -0.811
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00479
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.44513
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01988
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.66142
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88101
## EducationNone of the above 0.09114
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56615
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53842
## Income 0.41727
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1012, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 117 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.4017308
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1195505
## Age -18.3366795
## Sex -10.8261838
## BMI -0.5163213
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.7188971
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.4681364
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.1208449
## EducationNone of the above -0.5901045
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.2730270
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.6980277
## Income -0.9764940
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 705.4540126
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6635858
## Age -16.3072294
## Sex -7.9117629
## BMI 1.1752964
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.4056182
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.4637931
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.5361148
## EducationNone of the above 7.9579982
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.7908268
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.1663979
## Income 0.4048384
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.155, -26.235, -1.27, 24.314, 179.474
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.481168
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.518381
## Age -17.250013
## Sex -9.428363
## BMI 0.434655
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.540336
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.950197
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.332901
## EducationNone of the above 3.645607
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.752264
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.276914
## Income -0.278132
## Average_time_outdoors 0.002700
## Summed_PA_min 0.002865
## Smoking -0.639668
## Disability -1.111413
## Deprivation_Index -0.036896
## Population_density -0.907740
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.042280
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.185643
## Age 0.521889
## Sex 0.750950
## BMI 0.436736
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102211
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285591
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956618
## EducationNone of the above 2.193347
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293635
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.006999
## Income 0.357011
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254744
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602786
## Disability 0.868764
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.791002
## t value
## (Intercept) 344.948
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.792
## Age -33.053
## Sex -12.555
## BMI 0.995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.305
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.416
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.170
## EducationNone of the above 1.662
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.582
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.636
## Income -0.779
## Average_time_outdoors 0.011
## Summed_PA_min 0.653
## Smoking -1.061
## Disability -1.279
## Deprivation_Index -1.463
## Population_density -1.148
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00524
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.31964
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02120
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.67761
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.86490
## EducationNone of the above 0.09652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56091
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.52464
## Income 0.43596
## Average_time_outdoors 0.99154
## Summed_PA_min 0.51384
## Smoking 0.28863
## Disability 0.20082
## Deprivation_Index 0.14343
## Population_density 0.25116
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 76.11 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.477950023
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.154489322
## Age -18.273005195
## Sex -10.900353775
## BMI -0.421423234
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.700857795
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.529954753
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.168207401
## EducationNone of the above -0.653729251
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.288010325
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.657148554
## Income -0.977934817
## Average_time_outdoors -0.496641556
## Summed_PA_min -0.005736868
## Smoking -1.821231098
## Disability -2.814339043
## Deprivation_Index -0.086321956
## Population_density -2.458238546
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.48438658
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.88227226
## Age -16.22702130
## Sex -7.95637310
## BMI 1.29073290
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.37981383
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.43034801
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.50240497
## EducationNone of the above 7.94494405
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.78348239
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.21097617
## Income 0.42167182
## Average_time_outdoors 0.50204187
## Summed_PA_min 0.01146722
## Smoking 0.54189557
## Disability 0.59151257
## Deprivation_Index 0.01253040
## Population_density 0.64275885
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5874, -0.3089, 0.0246, 0.3407, 5.6648
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.915e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 8.563e-05
## Age -2.188e-01
## Sex 2.823e-01
## BMI -1.664e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.596e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.497e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.704e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.107e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.588e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.565e-02
## Income 3.514e-05
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.108e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.894e-03
## Age 7.065e-03
## Sex 1.015e-02
## BMI 5.890e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.113e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.666e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.976e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.763e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.738e-02
## Income 4.810e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 233.229
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.045
## Age -30.974
## Sex 27.820
## BMI -2.825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.729
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.140
## EducationNone of the above 1.716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.035
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.572
## Income 0.007
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.96394
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00474
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03238
## EducationNone of the above 0.08614
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.04186
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.56765
## Income 0.99417
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1636, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 203.3 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.874104099
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.003627062
## Age -0.232671550
## Sex 0.262406189
## BMI -0.028181907
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.003477089
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.006046037
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.004791438
## EducationNone of the above -0.007258136
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001321399
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.038017210
## Income -0.009392575
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.956727282
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.003798328
## Age -0.204975555
## Sex 0.302186869
## BMI -0.005092691
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.055401785
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.115988081
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.109288289
## EducationNone of the above 0.109399989
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.070442711
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.069311348
## Income 0.009462859
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6158, -0.3104, 0.0246, 0.339, 5.6406
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.273e-03
## Age -2.166e-01
## Sex 2.796e-01
## BMI -1.366e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.451e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.573e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.859e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.403e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.678e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.605e-02
## Income -3.965e-04
## Average_time_outdoors -8.007e-06
## Summed_PA_min 6.114e-05
## Smoking -3.754e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.560e-05
## Population_density -1.233e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.785e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.532e-03
## Age 7.116e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.220e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.079e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 178.750
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.503
## Age -30.442
## Sex 27.300
## BMI -2.294
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.631
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.786
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.196
## EducationNone of the above 1.807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.085
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.081
## Average_time_outdoors -0.002
## Summed_PA_min 1.022
## Smoking -4.568
## Disability -1.871
## Deprivation_Index 0.191
## Population_density -1.143
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6150
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0218
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1030
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0741
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0281
## EducationNone of the above 0.0708
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0371
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5575
## Income 0.9351
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9982
## Summed_PA_min 0.3069
## Smoking 4.98e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8487
## Population_density 0.2530
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924100e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -3.689250e-03
## Age -2.305623e-01
## Sex 2.594936e-01
## BMI -2.533834e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.954517e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.423429e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.292335e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.590076e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.203203e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.759028e-02
## Income -9.940122e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.816619e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.614812e-05
## Smoking -5.365679e-02
## Disability -4.539523e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.084138e-04
## Population_density -3.347245e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0332925131
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.0062359466
## Age -0.2026662382
## Sex 0.2996398121
## BMI -0.0019900310
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0539777450
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168803491
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1108804975
## EducationNone of the above 0.1126514985
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0713660575
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0696917738
## Income 0.0091471803
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068006043
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001784326
## Smoking -0.0214327628
## Disability 0.0010616439
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007396142
## Population_density 0.0088116145
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.961, -22.812, 0.231, 24.041, 178.839
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.569375
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.633534
## Sex 26.378095
## Age -36.943359
## BMI -4.964385
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.877046
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.125468
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.989042
## EducationNone of the above 5.112315
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.031164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.289145
## Income -0.447281
## Average_time_outdoors 0.187739
## Summed_PA_min -0.004363
## Smoking -5.080611
## Disability -1.318477
## Deprivation_Index -0.011743
## Population_density -1.623409
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.612674
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.875216
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.170499
## Sex 1.315721
## Age 0.479210
## BMI 0.401010
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098707
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796675
## EducationNone of the above 2.014118
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.187818
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.842824
## Income 0.327807
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233960
## Summed_PA_min 0.004029
## Smoking 0.553484
## Disability 0.797698
## Deprivation_Index 0.023153
## Population_density 0.726302
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.253926
## t value
## (Intercept) 426.921
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.716
## Sex 20.048
## Age -77.092
## BMI -12.380
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.855
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.442
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.664
## EducationNone of the above 2.538
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.868
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.327
## Income -1.364
## Average_time_outdoors 0.802
## Summed_PA_min -1.083
## Smoking -9.179
## Disability -1.653
## Deprivation_Index -0.507
## Population_density -2.235
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -2.413
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000204
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.063676
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.096209
## EducationNone of the above 0.011154
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.385349
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.019957
## Income 0.172449
## Average_time_outdoors 0.422315
## Summed_PA_min 0.278972
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.098388
## Deprivation_Index 0.612009
## Population_density 0.025425
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.015846
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4558
## F-statistic: 533.6 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 796.89362998
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.29932552
## Sex 23.79905502
## Age -37.88269389
## BMI -5.75043338
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.86091846
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.01164091
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.53274875
## EducationNone of the above 1.16429742
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.29716372
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.67689394
## Income -1.08983889
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27086255
## Summed_PA_min -0.01226097
## Smoking -6.16553469
## Disability -2.88210251
## Deprivation_Index -0.05712654
## Population_density -3.04708525
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.11041241
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.245120402
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.967741583
## Sex 28.957134497
## Age -36.004024366
## BMI -4.178337090
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.106826653
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.239294449
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.510831910
## EducationNone of the above 9.060331907
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.359492366
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.901396179
## Income 0.195277609
## Average_time_outdoors 0.646339638
## Summed_PA_min 0.003535775
## Smoking -3.995686532
## Disability 0.245147821
## Deprivation_Index 0.033639546
## Population_density -0.199732230
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.114936463
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.312, -26.203, -1.204, 24.361, 179.079
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.483245
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.521497
## Sex -8.515382
## Age -17.252970
## BMI 0.434499
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.548120
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.934810
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.349442
## EducationNone of the above 3.668390
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.748895
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.280081
## Income -0.278638
## Average_time_outdoors -0.001421
## Summed_PA_min 0.002868
## Smoking -0.642157
## Disability -1.112939
## Deprivation_Index -0.036934
## Population_density -0.910338
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.206885
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.042321
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.185693
## Sex 1.432968
## Age 0.521914
## BMI 0.436745
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102281
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285728
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956780
## EducationNone of the above 2.193601
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293668
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007042
## Income 0.357019
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254808
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602806
## Disability 0.868783
## Deprivation_Index 0.025216
## Population_density 0.791024
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.276554
## t value
## (Intercept) 344.943
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.808
## Sex -5.942
## Age -33.057
## BMI 0.995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.312
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.409
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.179
## EducationNone of the above 1.672
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.579
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.638
## Income -0.780
## Average_time_outdoors -0.006
## Summed_PA_min 0.654
## Smoking -1.065
## Disability -1.281
## Deprivation_Index -1.465
## Population_density -1.151
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.748
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00499
## Sex 2.89e-09
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.31983
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02081
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.68256
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.85827
## EducationNone of the above 0.09449
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56267
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.52362
## Income 0.43514
## Average_time_outdoors 0.99555
## Summed_PA_min 0.51337
## Smoking 0.28677
## Disability 0.20021
## Deprivation_Index 0.14303
## Population_density 0.24982
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.45443
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 71.91 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.479945633
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.157506635
## Sex -11.324245542
## Age -18.276010726
## BMI -0.421595512
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.708780134
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.545608840
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.185067096
## EducationNone of the above -0.631443687
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.284705802
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.654065454
## Income -0.978455951
## Average_time_outdoors -0.500888848
## Summed_PA_min -0.005733786
## Smoking -1.823760696
## Disability -2.815901953
## Deprivation_Index -0.086361230
## Population_density -2.460881675
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.748977178
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.48654390
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.88548676
## Sex -5.70651800
## Age -16.22992873
## BMI 1.29059382
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.38746033
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.41522941
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.48618288
## EducationNone of the above 7.96822419
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.78691538
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.21422843
## Income 0.42118017
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49804729
## Summed_PA_min 0.01147064
## Smoking 0.53944751
## Disability 0.59002468
## Deprivation_Index 0.01249323
## Population_density 0.64020538
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.33520787
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6146, -0.3101, 0.0245, 0.3388, 5.6413
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.285e-03
## Sex 2.830e-01
## Age -2.166e-01
## BMI -1.366e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.448e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.567e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.852e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.680e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.606e-02
## Income -3.984e-04
## Average_time_outdoors -2.354e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.115e-05
## Smoking -3.755e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.546e-05
## Population_density -1.234e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -7.752e-04
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.785e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.532e-03
## Sex 1.954e-02
## Age 7.116e-03
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.474e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.220e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.079e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 3.771e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 178.743
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.507
## Sex 14.481
## Age -30.441
## BMI -2.294
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.628
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.193
## EducationNone of the above 1.809
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.086
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.082
## Average_time_outdoors -0.007
## Summed_PA_min 1.022
## Smoking -4.569
## Disability -1.871
## Deprivation_Index 0.190
## Population_density -1.144
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.206
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6119
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0218
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1035
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0744
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0283
## EducationNone of the above 0.0704
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0370
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5573
## Income 0.9348
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9946
## Summed_PA_min 0.3068
## Smoking 4.96e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8490
## Population_density 0.2526
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.8371
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5249 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 126 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924107e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -3.678994e-03
## Sex 2.446812e-01
## Age -2.305744e-01
## BMI -2.533937e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.986879e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.491137e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.224269e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.513203e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.213838e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.758146e-02
## Income -9.942510e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.834053e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.614296e-05
## Smoking -5.366746e-02
## Disability -4.540174e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.085786e-04
## Population_density -3.348347e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -8.167627e-03
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0333044344
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.0062491370
## Sex 0.3212949696
## Age -0.2026763830
## BMI -0.0019900838
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0539505870
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168235332
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1108236048
## EducationNone of the above 0.1127444742
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0713799889
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0697052978
## Income 0.0091456291
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0067869647
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001784477
## Smoking -0.0214415461
## Disability 0.0010571945
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007395083
## Population_density 0.0088027923
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0066171947
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.197, -22.718, 0.254, 23.921, 179.9
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.667833
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.678362
## Age -36.911295
## Sex 23.630188
## BMI -4.952758
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.955832
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.143543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.936738
## EducationNone of the above 4.976050
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.028844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.302379
## Income -0.480944
## Average_time_outdoors 0.184629
## Summed_PA_min -0.004318
## Smoking -5.112520
## Disability -1.356159
## Deprivation_Index -0.010403
## Population_density -1.694276
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.866954
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.159504
## Age 0.478933
## Sex 0.689335
## BMI 0.400982
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011052
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098628
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796723
## EducationNone of the above 2.013929
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.187779
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.842816
## Income 0.327920
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233998
## Summed_PA_min 0.004029
## Smoking 0.552797
## Disability 0.797769
## Deprivation_Index 0.023151
## Population_density 0.695494
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.399
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 4.253
## Age -77.070
## Sex 34.280
## BMI -12.352
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.934
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.451
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.634
## EducationNone of the above 2.471
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.866
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.335
## Income -1.467
## Average_time_outdoors 0.789
## Summed_PA_min -1.072
## Smoking -9.248
## Disability -1.700
## Deprivation_Index -0.449
## Population_density -2.436
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.13e-05
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0531
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0143
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1022
## EducationNone of the above 0.0135
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.3864
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0196
## Income 0.1425
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4301
## Summed_PA_min 0.2839
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.0892
## Deprivation_Index 0.6532
## Population_density 0.0149
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4558
## F-statistic: 564.9 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 798.00828222
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.36570616
## Age -37.85008486
## Sex 22.27897295
## BMI -5.73875243
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.93766796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.02987203
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.58514798
## EducationNone of the above 1.02840356
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.29940756
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.69014374
## Income -1.12372404
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27404617
## Summed_PA_min -0.01221650
## Smoking -6.19609706
## Disability -2.91992339
## Deprivation_Index -0.05578323
## Population_density -3.05756375
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 805.327383502
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.991017012
## Age -35.972504191
## Sex 24.981402671
## BMI -4.166764262
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.026004385
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.257213259
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.458623130
## EducationNone of the above 8.923696360
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.357094768
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.914614641
## Income 0.161835900
## Average_time_outdoors 0.643304760
## Summed_PA_min 0.003579871
## Smoking -4.028942114
## Disability 0.207606239
## Deprivation_Index 0.034976982
## Population_density -0.330988837
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.576, -26.155, -1.211, 24.384, 181.103
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.330310
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.442217
## Age -17.221952
## Sex -9.468019
## BMI 0.445383
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.638313
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.928334
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.399284
## EducationNone of the above 3.594426
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.737902
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.296726
## Income -0.300832
## Average_time_outdoors -0.002971
## Summed_PA_min 0.002924
## Smoking -0.687502
## Disability -1.138517
## Deprivation_Index -0.035915
## Population_density -0.645607
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.033388
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.173723
## Age 0.521628
## Sex 0.750787
## BMI 0.436729
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101185
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285714
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956895
## EducationNone of the above 2.193465
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293666
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007097
## Income 0.357153
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254858
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602077
## Disability 0.868888
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.757495
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.875
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.546
## Age -33.016
## Sex -12.611
## BMI 1.020
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.396
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.204
## EducationNone of the above 1.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.570
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.646
## Income -0.842
## Average_time_outdoors -0.012
## Summed_PA_min 0.666
## Smoking -1.142
## Disability -1.310
## Deprivation_Index -1.424
## Population_density -0.852
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0109
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.3078
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0166
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6846
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8383
## EducationNone of the above 0.1013
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5684
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5182
## Income 0.3996
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9907
## Summed_PA_min 0.5053
## Smoking 0.2535
## Disability 0.1901
## Deprivation_Index 0.1544
## Population_density 0.3941
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1016, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 76.02 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.344521252
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.101689574
## Age -18.244433112
## Sex -10.939690925
## BMI -0.410680459
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.796824197
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.552057665
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.235134665
## EducationNone of the above -0.705140560
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.273709567
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.637529313
## Income -1.000913831
## Average_time_outdoors -0.502536172
## Summed_PA_min -0.005678393
## Smoking -1.867677104
## Disability -2.841687058
## Deprivation_Index -0.085340446
## Population_density -2.130427711
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 709.31609803
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.78274497
## Age -16.19947186
## Sex -7.99634786
## BMI 1.30144564
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.47980259
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.40872587
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.43656710
## EducationNone of the above 7.89399344
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.79790570
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.23098107
## Income 0.39924984
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49659379
## Summed_PA_min 0.01152617
## Smoking 0.49267308
## Disability 0.56465227
## Deprivation_Index 0.01351076
## Population_density 0.83921301
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6118, -0.3089, 0.0242, 0.3392, 5.6414
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -1.752e-03
## Age -2.163e-01
## Sex 2.794e-01
## BMI -1.360e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.395e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.571e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.884e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.404e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.701e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.612e-02
## Income -3.006e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 1.433e-04
## Summed_PA_min 6.162e-05
## Smoking -3.802e-02
## Disability -2.205e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.712e-05
## Population_density -4.010e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.773e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.369e-03
## Age 7.112e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.736e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.475e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.033e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.567
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.740
## Age -30.421
## Sex 27.292
## BMI -2.285
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.595
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.786
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.205
## EducationNone of the above 1.807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.098
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.589
## Income -0.062
## Average_time_outdoors 0.041
## Summed_PA_min 1.030
## Smoking -4.631
## Disability -1.861
## Deprivation_Index 0.195
## Population_density -0.388
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.4595
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0224
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1108
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0741
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0275
## EducationNone of the above 0.0708
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0360
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5558
## Income 0.9508
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9671
## Summed_PA_min 0.3031
## Smoking 3.68e-06
## Disability 0.0628
## Deprivation_Index 0.8452
## Population_density 0.6978
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9248388288
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.0063957853
## Age -0.2302815359
## Sex 0.2593340493
## BMI -0.0252780878
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.0054858806
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0054367141
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0065374593
## EducationNone of the above -0.0045797586
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0024257194
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0375203936
## Income -0.0098473562
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0066678636
## Summed_PA_min -0.0000556675
## Smoking -0.0541101694
## Disability -0.0452839223
## Deprivation_Index -0.0006068360
## Population_density -0.0242546540
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0335457454
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0028910877
## Age -0.2024014537
## Sex 0.2994688984
## BMI -0.0019318222
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0533867007
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168652045
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1111329669
## EducationNone of the above 0.1126597091
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0715854342
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0697594105
## Income 0.0092461248
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0069544319
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001789033
## Smoking -0.0219261820
## Disability 0.0011760812
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007410800
## Population_density 0.0162346182
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -171.791, -22.68, 0.165, 23.786, 180.346
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.820315
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.560186
## Sex 25.178883
## Age -36.800851
## BMI -5.464156
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.204786
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.199983
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.157013
## EducationNone of the above 3.698951
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.156039
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.376956
## Income -0.490157
## Average_time_outdoors 0.364530
## Summed_PA_min -0.005944
## Smoking -5.090586
## Disability -1.736870
## Deprivation_Index -0.007383
## Population_density -1.258887
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.739602
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.086813
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.177769
## Sex 1.126018
## Age 0.542788
## BMI 0.452579
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.124639
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.342855
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.030397
## EducationNone of the above 2.218401
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.321757
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.062304
## Income 0.370845
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260152
## Summed_PA_min 0.004461
## Smoking 0.625057
## Disability 0.889457
## Deprivation_Index 0.025789
## Population_density 0.777167
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.277252
## t value
## (Intercept) 384.232
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 3.151
## Sex 22.361
## Age -67.800
## BMI -12.073
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.793
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.047
## EducationNone of the above 1.667
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.875
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.122
## Income -1.322
## Average_time_outdoors 1.401
## Summed_PA_min -1.332
## Smoking -8.144
## Disability -1.953
## Deprivation_Index -0.286
## Population_density -1.620
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.668
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.00163
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.04997
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07306
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04065
## EducationNone of the above 0.09547
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.38180
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03383
## Income 0.18629
## Average_time_outdoors 0.16118
## Summed_PA_min 0.18278
## Smoking 4.32e-16
## Disability 0.05088
## Deprivation_Index 0.77468
## Population_density 0.10530
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.00765
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.31 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4519, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4508
## F-statistic: 419.1 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.72969638
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.21171909
## Sex 22.97163655
## Age -37.86483630
## BMI -6.35131167
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.40932938
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.39253627
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.17698081
## EducationNone of the above -0.64961055
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.43489871
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.33437968
## Income -1.21709648
## Average_time_outdoors -0.14542593
## Summed_PA_min -0.01468938
## Smoking -6.31583760
## Disability -3.48040363
## Deprivation_Index -0.05793570
## Population_density -2.78230688
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.28307841
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.059109e+02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 9.086528e-01
## Sex 2.738613e+01
## Age -3.573687e+01
## BMI -4.577000e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.434862e-04
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.792503e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.137045e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.047513e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.746978e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.419531e+00
## Income 2.367833e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 8.744850e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.801124e-03
## Smoking -3.865335e+00
## Disability 6.664295e-03
## Deprivation_Index 4.317049e-02
## Population_density 2.645333e-01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.961255e-01
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.347, -26.159, -1.226, 24.364, 181.024
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.327879
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.444438
## Sex -8.655423
## Age -17.219464
## BMI 0.442970
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.643156
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.928285
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.421494
## EducationNone of the above 3.605882
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.733278
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.305782
## Income -0.301983
## Average_time_outdoors -0.008923
## Summed_PA_min 0.002966
## Smoking -0.684732
## Disability -1.141658
## Deprivation_Index -0.035903
## Population_density -0.644721
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.276820
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.033385
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.173737
## Sex 1.093382
## Age 0.521633
## BMI 0.436734
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101193
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285710
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.957012
## EducationNone of the above 2.193489
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293672
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007113
## Income 0.357154
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254924
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602082
## Disability 0.868892
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.757494
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.270779
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.874
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.558
## Sex -7.916
## Age -33.011
## BMI 1.014
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.400
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.215
## EducationNone of the above 1.644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.567
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.651
## Income -0.846
## Average_time_outdoors -0.035
## Summed_PA_min 0.676
## Smoking -1.137
## Disability -1.314
## Deprivation_Index -1.424
## Population_density -0.851
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.022
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0105
## Sex 2.68e-15
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.3105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0164
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6847
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8295
## EducationNone of the above 0.1002
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5708
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5153
## Income 0.3978
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9721
## Summed_PA_min 0.4991
## Smoking 0.2554
## Disability 0.1889
## Deprivation_Index 0.1545
## Population_density 0.3947
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.3067
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 71.86 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.342095337
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.103883893
## Sex -10.798639585
## Age -18.241953982
## BMI -0.413103500
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.801682100
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.552098118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.257573833
## EducationNone of the above -0.693732472
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.269096532
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.628503570
## Income -1.002066891
## Average_time_outdoors -0.508617233
## Summed_PA_min -0.005636166
## Smoking -1.864917060
## Disability -2.844835132
## Deprivation_Index -0.085328734
## Population_density -2.129539275
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.807593577
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 709.31366191
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.78499117
## Sex -6.51220547
## Age -16.19697449
## BMI 1.29904423
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.48462903
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.40866782
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.41458563
## EducationNone of the above 7.90549685
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.80253977
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.24006800
## Income 0.39810099
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49077142
## Summed_PA_min 0.01156914
## Smoking 0.49545238
## Disability 0.56151880
## Deprivation_Index 0.01352229
## Population_density 0.84009756
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.25395272
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6149, -0.3083, 0.0232, 0.3389, 5.6369
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -1.713e-03
## Sex 2.937e-01
## Age -2.163e-01
## BMI -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.386e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.569e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.844e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.424e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.709e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.627e-02
## Income -3.213e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.815e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.235e-05
## Smoking -3.797e-02
## Disability -2.211e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.743e-05
## Population_density -3.995e-03
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -4.884e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.773e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.369e-03
## Sex 1.491e-02
## Age 7.111e-03
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.736e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.476e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.033e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 3.692e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.571
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.723
## Sex 19.701
## Age -30.415
## BMI -2.292
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.589
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.785
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.190
## EducationNone of the above 1.814
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.102
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.595
## Income -0.066
## Average_time_outdoors 0.011
## Summed_PA_min 1.042
## Smoking -4.625
## Disability -1.866
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density -0.387
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.323
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.4696
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0219
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1121
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0285
## EducationNone of the above 0.0697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0356
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5520
## Income 0.9474
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9912
## Summed_PA_min 0.2974
## Smoking 3.78e-06
## Disability 0.0621
## Deprivation_Index 0.8445
## Population_density 0.6989
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1859
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1658, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 126.1 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924808e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -6.356657e-03
## Sex 2.645151e-01
## Age -2.302372e-01
## BMI -2.531945e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.573985e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.460250e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.140927e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.379603e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.506995e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.736374e-02
## Income -9.867791e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.774557e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.493377e-05
## Smoking -5.406359e-02
## Disability -4.533772e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.065038e-04
## Population_density -2.423936e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.212104e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0335110846
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0029306428
## Sex 0.3229664280
## Age -0.2023577047
## BMI -0.0019736226
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0532972528
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168376789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1107395528
## EducationNone of the above 0.1128575010
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0716648505
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0699135281
## Income 0.0092251618
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068508540
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001796394
## Smoking -0.0218803723
## Disability 0.0011210436
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007413683
## Population_density 0.0162486119
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0023530421
Required UKB variables: * 699 - Length of time at current address - Instances 2 (measured in units of whole years, except if answer was < 1 year, in which case the value assigned was 0.5 years) * 53 - Date of attending assessment centre - Instances 0 and 2 (format: YYYY-MM-DD) Approach: Include if var 699 (Instance 2) >= Difference in 53 (Instance 2 minus Instance 0) Note: This subset, “NoHomeChange_T2”, was generated in Section 10.3.
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.797, -23.188, 0.197, 24.033, 175.065
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.3810
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5026
## Age -37.0578
## Sex 23.2780
## BMI -5.6691
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.8663
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.9748
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.8337
## EducationNone of the above 3.1045
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.9318
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.2213
## Income -0.3817
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.6686
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1672
## Age 0.5404
## Sex 0.7663
## BMI 0.4493
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1283
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.3449
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.0339
## EducationNone of the above 2.2113
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.3249
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0700
## Income 0.3670
## t value
## (Intercept) 474.267
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.005
## Age -68.574
## Sex 30.378
## BMI -12.618
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.654
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.695
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.885
## EducationNone of the above 1.404
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.703
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.039
## Income -1.040
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00266
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.09814
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.09009
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.05948
## EducationNone of the above 0.16039
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.48188
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.04145
## Income 0.29842
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.46 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4462
## F-statistic: 672.6 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.1101196
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1747642
## Age -38.1170706
## Sex 21.7759741
## BMI -6.5498041
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.0779502
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6216530
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.1532227
## EducationNone of the above -1.2302661
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.6652313
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.1636707
## Income -1.1011661
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 794.6519362
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8303460
## Age -35.9984549
## Sex 24.7800901
## BMI -4.7883489
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3454000
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.5712462
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.8207212
## EducationNone of the above 7.4391832
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.5287781
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.2789876
## Income 0.3377997
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.009, -22.759, -0.008, 23.958, 178.198
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.175618
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.681389
## Age -36.814975
## Sex 23.041793
## BMI -5.483452
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.110404
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.156601
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.182685
## EducationNone of the above 3.683638
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.085098
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.313293
## Income -0.439569
## Average_time_outdoors 0.401500
## Summed_PA_min -0.006357
## Smoking -5.073919
## Disability -1.667395
## Deprivation_Index -0.007759
## Population_density -1.403465
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.134353
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.225570
## Age 0.542994
## Sex 0.771623
## BMI 0.452837
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125987
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343839
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031204
## EducationNone of the above 2.219232
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322484
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063195
## Income 0.371047
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260034
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625589
## Disability 0.889767
## Deprivation_Index 0.025799
## Population_density 0.822274
## t value
## (Intercept) 374.903
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.021
## Age -67.800
## Sex 29.861
## BMI -12.109
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.874
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.059
## EducationNone of the above 1.660
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.820
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.091
## Income -1.185
## Average_time_outdoors 1.544
## Summed_PA_min -1.424
## Smoking -8.111
## Disability -1.874
## Deprivation_Index -0.301
## Population_density -1.707
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00253
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06093
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07619
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03950
## EducationNone of the above 0.09697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.41195
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03659
## Income 0.23618
## Average_time_outdoors 0.12262
## Summed_PA_min 0.15442
## Smoking 5.69e-16
## Disability 0.06097
## Deprivation_Index 0.76362
## Population_density 0.08789
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.33 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4514, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4504
## F-statistic: 442.9 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 795.99180944
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.23922184
## Age -37.87936380
## Sex 21.52923990
## BMI -6.37111397
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.31759023
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.43784809
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.20107194
## EducationNone of the above -0.66655268
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.50726696
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.26896906
## Income -1.16690370
## Average_time_outdoors -0.10822462
## Summed_PA_min -0.01510585
## Smoking -6.30021347
## Disability -3.41153760
## Deprivation_Index -0.05833107
## Population_density -3.01530660
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.35942681
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.12355607
## Age -35.75058600
## Sex 24.55434584
## BMI -4.59578947
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.09678217
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.75104934
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.16429894
## EducationNone of the above 8.03382861
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.67746218
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.35761652
## Income 0.28776559
## Average_time_outdoors 0.91122491
## Summed_PA_min 0.00239242
## Smoking -3.84762392
## Disability 0.07674677
## Deprivation_Index 0.04281328
## Population_density 0.20837641
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.416, -26.126, -1.147, 24.785, 182.458
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.64263
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.57288
## Age -17.21858
## Sex -9.81829
## BMI 0.04337
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.80216
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.46328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.33400
## EducationNone of the above 2.28736
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.80409
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.20998
## Income -0.53678
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.82489
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.18288
## Age 0.59101
## Sex 0.83802
## BMI 0.49137
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.23393
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.56443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.22440
## EducationNone of the above 2.41841
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.44891
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.26383
## Income 0.40141
## t value
## (Intercept) 385.032
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.133
## Age -29.134
## Sex -11.716
## BMI 0.088
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.271
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.571
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.150
## EducationNone of the above 0.946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.555
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.534
## Income -1.337
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00174
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.92967
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02317
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.56828
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88065
## EducationNone of the above 0.34427
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.57893
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.59302
## Income 0.18118
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09787, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09678
## F-statistic: 90.3 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.0654273
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2143949
## Age -18.3770838
## Sex -11.4610021
## BMI -0.9198304
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.2209405
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.5635871
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.0263184
## EducationNone of the above -2.4532731
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.6442817
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.2276366
## Income -1.3236311
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 706.2198236
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.9313658
## Age -16.0600796
## Sex -8.1755788
## BMI 1.0065685
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.3833851
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.4901408
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.6943105
## EducationNone of the above 7.0279887
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.0360980
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.6476035
## Income 0.2500803
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -149.451, -26.141, -1.379, 24.633, 179.262
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.605877
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.699575
## Age -17.112800
## Sex -9.899572
## BMI 0.170480
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.819271
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.378415
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.322354
## EducationNone of the above 2.290773
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.815181
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.226198
## Income -0.527892
## Average_time_outdoors 0.082078
## Summed_PA_min 0.001801
## Smoking -1.241654
## Disability -1.285782
## Deprivation_Index -0.047664
## Population_density -0.834810
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.342654
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.247584
## Age 0.595987
## Sex 0.846929
## BMI 0.497032
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235877
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572585
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229438
## EducationNone of the above 2.435817
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451552
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.264552
## Income 0.407259
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285412
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686643
## Disability 0.976603
## Deprivation_Index 0.028317
## Population_density 0.902524
## t value
## (Intercept) 301.199
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.826
## Age -28.713
## Sex -11.689
## BMI 0.343
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.281
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.536
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.145
## EducationNone of the above 0.940
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.562
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.541
## Income -1.296
## Average_time_outdoors 0.288
## Summed_PA_min 0.368
## Smoking -1.808
## Disability -1.317
## Deprivation_Index -1.683
## Population_density -0.925
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00473
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.73161
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02256
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.59210
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88504
## EducationNone of the above 0.34701
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.57441
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.58819
## Income 0.19494
## Average_time_outdoors 0.77368
## Summed_PA_min 0.71321
## Smoking 0.07059
## Disability 0.18801
## Deprivation_Index 0.09237
## Population_density 0.35500
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.77 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09876, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09709
## F-statistic: 58.98 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.013751493
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.214254321
## Age -18.281067140
## Sex -11.559742095
## BMI -0.803813317
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.241866682
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.664426432
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.047843098
## EducationNone of the above -2.483972321
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.660546408
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.212829800
## Income -1.326210117
## Average_time_outdoors -0.477392848
## Summed_PA_min -0.007802349
## Smoking -2.587628044
## Disability -3.200142992
## Deprivation_Index -0.103171406
## Population_density -2.603958634
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 710.198002345
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.184894713
## Age -15.944532315
## Sex -8.239402429
## BMI 1.144773094
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.396675786
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.421256900
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.692551101
## EducationNone of the above 7.065518382
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.030183810
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.665225207
## Income 0.270426904
## Average_time_outdoors 0.641549357
## Summed_PA_min 0.011403651
## Smoking 0.104320767
## Disability 0.628578776
## Deprivation_Index 0.007844074
## Population_density 0.934338128
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5792, -0.3122, 0.0211, 0.3418, 5.6649
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.9155698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0007196
## Age -0.2183291
## Sex 0.2871576
## BMI -0.0160913
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0407363
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0585779
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0594327
## EducationNone of the above 0.0545458
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0428222
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0289944
## Income -0.0008287
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.0248399
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0024886
## Age 0.0080416
## Sex 0.0114054
## BMI 0.0066873
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0167951
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0349437
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0302674
## EducationNone of the above 0.0329073
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0197201
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0308042
## Income 0.0054635
## t value
## (Intercept) 197.890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.289
## Age -27.150
## Sex 25.177
## BMI -2.406
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.425
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.676
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.964
## EducationNone of the above 1.658
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.172
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.941
## Income -0.152
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.7725
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.0161
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0153
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0937
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0496
## EducationNone of the above 0.0974
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0299
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3466
## Income 0.8794
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5276 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1631, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1621
## F-statistic: 162.1 on 11 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.8668780867
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0055978818
## Age -0.2340924166
## Sex 0.2648004625
## BMI -0.0291998914
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0078141064
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0099194378
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0001019073
## EducationNone of the above -0.0099599657
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0041664672
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0313887095
## Income -0.0115382819
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.964261552
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.004158592
## Age -0.202565856
## Sex 0.309514710
## BMI -0.002982743
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.073658442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.127075311
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.118763444
## EducationNone of the above 0.119051473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.081477923
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.089377466
## Income 0.009880981
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6085, -0.312, 0.0211, 0.3396, 5.6316
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.984e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.002e-03
## Age -2.159e-01
## Sex 2.849e-01
## BMI -1.352e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.952e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.877e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.123e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.775e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.377e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.971e-02
## Income -1.470e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.532e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.805e-05
## Smoking -3.815e-02
## Disability -3.061e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.611e-04
## Population_density -1.873e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.186e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.367e-03
## Age 8.102e-03
## Sex 1.152e-02
## BMI 6.758e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.681e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.311e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.538e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.880e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.660e-05
## Smoking 9.336e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.227e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 156.436
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.595
## Age -26.650
## Sex 24.737
## BMI -2.000
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.351
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.678
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.020
## EducationNone of the above 1.744
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.218
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.965
## Income -0.266
## Average_time_outdoors 0.652
## Summed_PA_min -0.271
## Smoking -4.087
## Disability -2.305
## Deprivation_Index 0.418
## Population_density -1.527
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5521
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0455
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0187
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0934
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0434
## EducationNone of the above 0.0812
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0266
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3346
## Income 0.7906
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5141
## Summed_PA_min 0.7864
## Smoking 4.41e-05
## Disability 0.0212
## Deprivation_Index 0.6757
## Population_density 0.1269
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9144 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1638
## F-statistic: 106.6 on 17 and 9144 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9212018769
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0045972459
## Age -0.2318058149
## Sex 0.2622964049
## BMI -0.0267657474
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0065717897
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0098838093
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0018126977
## EducationNone of the above -0.0071622577
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0050791546
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0306405100
## Income -0.0123262691
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0050744791
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001486072
## Smoking -0.0564554045
## Disability -0.0566517689
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005936580
## Population_density -0.0427855890
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0460971120
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0086009403
## Age -0.2000419378
## Sex 0.3074435579
## BMI -0.0002701720
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0724627796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1274147948
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1206378213
## EducationNone of the above 0.1226621760
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0824629934
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0900573752
## Income 0.0093853887
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0101378246
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001125044
## Smoking -0.0198542688
## Disability -0.0045747303
## Deprivation_Index 0.0009158461
## Population_density 0.0053209322
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.224, -22.898, 0.192, 23.943, 178.515
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.176883
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.687840
## Sex 26.097220
## Age -36.823583
## BMI -5.478067
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.112426
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.117743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.155908
## EducationNone of the above 3.745138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.115626
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.321789
## Income -0.445529
## Average_time_outdoors 0.392056
## Summed_PA_min -0.006341
## Smoking -5.079608
## Disability -1.674802
## Deprivation_Index -0.007766
## Population_density -1.412503
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.640973
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.134036
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.225561
## Sex 1.762185
## Age 0.542931
## BMI 0.452779
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125820
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343578
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.030950
## EducationNone of the above 2.219132
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322383
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.062894
## Income 0.371005
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260042
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625503
## Disability 0.889643
## Deprivation_Index 0.025795
## Population_density 0.822166
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332362
## t value
## (Intercept) 374.959
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.049
## Sex 14.810
## Age -67.824
## BMI -12.099
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.876
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.757
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.046
## EducationNone of the above 1.688
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.095
## Income -1.201
## Average_time_outdoors 1.508
## Summed_PA_min -1.421
## Smoking -8.121
## Disability -1.883
## Deprivation_Index -0.301
## Population_density -1.718
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.929
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0023
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0606
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0408
## EducationNone of the above 0.0915
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.3989
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0362
## Income 0.2298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.1317
## Summed_PA_min 0.1554
## Smoking 5.23e-16
## Disability 0.0598
## Deprivation_Index 0.7634
## Population_density 0.0858
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0538
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.32 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4506
## F-statistic: 418.7 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 795.99369532
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.24568976
## Sex 22.64294361
## Age -37.88785026
## BMI -6.36561382
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.31928528
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.47619315
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.17479263
## EducationNone of the above -0.60485514
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.47653881
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.27805632
## Income -1.17278035
## Average_time_outdoors -0.11768312
## Summed_PA_min -0.01508839
## Smoking -6.30573414
## Disability -3.41870092
## Deprivation_Index -0.05833024
## Population_density -3.02413118
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.29247656
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.360070102
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.129989863
## Sex 29.551495783
## Age -35.759316733
## BMI -4.590519289
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.094433291
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.711678867
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.137022797
## EducationNone of the above 8.095132088
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.707791630
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.365520679
## Income 0.281723306
## Average_time_outdoors 0.901795751
## Summed_PA_min 0.002407306
## Smoking -3.853481646
## Disability 0.069097778
## Deprivation_Index 0.042799085
## Population_density 0.199125324
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.010529987
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -149.646, -26.207, -1.375, 24.647, 178.858
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.606341
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.701941
## Sex -8.778645
## Age -17.115958
## BMI 0.172456
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.820013
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.364160
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.312530
## EducationNone of the above 2.313335
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.803981
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.229314
## Income -0.530078
## Average_time_outdoors 0.078614
## Summed_PA_min 0.001807
## Smoking -1.243741
## Disability -1.288499
## Deprivation_Index -0.047666
## Population_density -0.838126
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.235150
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.342729
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.247619
## Sex 1.934514
## Age 0.596026
## BMI 0.497057
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235917
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572763
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229562
## EducationNone of the above 2.436146
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451702
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.264629
## Income 0.407286
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285472
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686673
## Disability 0.976644
## Deprivation_Index 0.028318
## Population_density 0.902567
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.364864
## t value
## (Intercept) 301.190
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.835
## Sex -4.538
## Age -28.717
## BMI 0.347
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.282
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.530
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.140
## EducationNone of the above 0.950
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.554
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.543
## Income -1.301
## Average_time_outdoors 0.275
## Summed_PA_min 0.369
## Smoking -1.811
## Disability -1.319
## Deprivation_Index -1.683
## Population_density -0.929
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.644
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0046
## Sex 5.75e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.7286
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0225
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5960
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8885
## EducationNone of the above 0.3423
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5797
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5873
## Income 0.1931
## Average_time_outdoors 0.7830
## Summed_PA_min 0.7123
## Smoking 0.0701
## Disability 0.1871
## Deprivation_Index 0.0924
## Population_density 0.3531
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.5193
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0988, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09703
## F-statistic: 55.73 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.014068427
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.216552023
## Sex -12.570724199
## Age -18.284302156
## BMI -0.801887362
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.242686954
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.679029536
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.057908715
## EducationNone of the above -2.462055697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.649641328
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.209865035
## Income -1.328449643
## Average_time_outdoors -0.480974562
## Summed_PA_min -0.007796741
## Smoking -2.589773200
## Disability -3.202939072
## Deprivation_Index -0.103175633
## Population_density -2.607359581
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.950365729
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 710.198613272
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.187330187
## Sex -4.986566316
## Age -15.947613671
## BMI 1.146798390
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.397339088
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.407348948
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.682969135
## EducationNone of the above 7.088726440
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.041678584
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.668493988
## Income 0.268293799
## Average_time_outdoors 0.638201862
## Summed_PA_min 0.011409907
## Smoking 0.102291594
## Disability 0.625940747
## Deprivation_Index 0.007843396
## Population_density 0.931107760
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.480065302
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6031, -0.3114, 0.0217, 0.3391, 5.6354
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.984e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.036e-03
## Sex 3.010e-01
## Age -2.160e-01
## BMI -1.349e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.950e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.854e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.108e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.807e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.393e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.975e-02
## Income -1.502e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.482e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.798e-05
## Smoking -3.819e-02
## Disability -3.065e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.611e-04
## Population_density -1.878e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -3.386e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.186e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.367e-03
## Sex 2.630e-02
## Age 8.103e-03
## BMI 6.759e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.681e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.538e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.881e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.660e-05
## Smoking 9.336e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.227e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 4.961e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 156.432
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.605
## Sex 11.444
## Age -26.654
## BMI -1.996
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.350
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.671
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.015
## EducationNone of the above 1.753
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.225
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.966
## Income -0.271
## Average_time_outdoors 0.639
## Summed_PA_min -0.270
## Smoking -4.090
## Disability -2.307
## Deprivation_Index 0.418
## Population_density -1.530
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.683
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5454
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0460
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0188
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0947
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0439
## EducationNone of the above 0.0796
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0261
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3339
## Income 0.7862
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5226
## Summed_PA_min 0.7872
## Smoking 4.35e-05
## Disability 0.0211
## Deprivation_Index 0.6756
## Population_density 0.1259
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.4949
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9143 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1638
## F-statistic: 100.7 on 18 and 9143 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9212133741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0045638134
## Sex 0.2494506137
## Age -0.2318522290
## BMI -0.0267375773
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0065582776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0101122902
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0016660427
## EducationNone of the above -0.0068479230
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0052351232
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0306003029
## Income -0.0123588857
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0051261261
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001485358
## Smoking -0.0564880397
## Disability -0.0566904678
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005936596
## Population_density -0.0428354182
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0131099714
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0461122823
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0086362342
## Sex 0.3525724747
## Age -0.2000863527
## BMI -0.0002407107
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0724512323
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1271963257
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1204974966
## EducationNone of the above 0.1229935471
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0826266676
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0901013514
## Income 0.0093541803
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0100893398
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001125837
## Smoking -0.0198853766
## Disability -0.0046114570
## Deprivation_Index 0.0009158887
## Population_density 0.0052733226
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0063380776
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.474, -22.799, 0.063, 23.995, 178.485
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.284374
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.544547
## Age -36.797945
## Sex 22.970982
## BMI -5.477293
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.205594
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.207517
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.167304
## EducationNone of the above 3.659851
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.084738
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.296565
## Income -0.476263
## Average_time_outdoors 0.391758
## Summed_PA_min -0.006188
## Smoking -5.108899
## Disability -1.698879
## Deprivation_Index -0.007306
## Population_density -1.170728
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.088310
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.202435
## Age 0.542985
## Sex 0.771134
## BMI 0.452862
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125216
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343989
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031614
## EducationNone of the above 2.219588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322717
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063525
## Income 0.370997
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260127
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625281
## Disability 0.889824
## Deprivation_Index 0.025802
## Population_density 0.809918
## t value
## (Intercept) 383.700
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.690
## Age -67.770
## Sex 29.789
## BMI -12.095
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.795
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.051
## EducationNone of the above 1.649
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.820
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.082
## Income -1.284
## Average_time_outdoors 1.506
## Summed_PA_min -1.387
## Smoking -8.171
## Disability -1.909
## Deprivation_Index -0.283
## Population_density -1.445
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00716
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.05001
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07268
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04027
## EducationNone of the above 0.09921
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.41219
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03736
## Income 0.19927
## Average_time_outdoors 0.13210
## Summed_PA_min 0.16561
## Smoking 3.48e-16
## Disability 0.05626
## Deprivation_Index 0.77707
## Population_density 0.14835
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.33 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4513, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4503
## F-statistic: 442.7 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.19081984
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.14772907
## Age -37.86231713
## Sex 21.45938670
## BMI -6.36500367
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.41126804
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.38722562
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.18488720
## EducationNone of the above -0.69103729
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.50808339
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.25159420
## Income -1.20350029
## Average_time_outdoors -0.11814966
## Summed_PA_min -0.01493673
## Smoking -6.33458981
## Disability -3.44313206
## Deprivation_Index -0.05788370
## Population_density -2.75834882
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.053779e+02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 9.413641e-01
## Age -3.573357e+01
## Sex 2.448258e+01
## BMI -4.589582e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree 8.011626e-05
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.802259e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.149720e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.010739e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.677559e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.341535e+00
## Income 2.509746e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 9.016654e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.560260e-03
## Smoking -3.883209e+00
## Disability 4.537350e-02
## Deprivation_Index 4.327212e-02
## Population_density 4.168928e-01
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.224, -26.146, -1.281, 24.649, 180.814
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 706.768903
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.506817
## Age -17.094234
## Sex -9.974378
## BMI 0.178859
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.921977
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.431996
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.318296
## EducationNone of the above 2.274281
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.806608
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.217132
## Income -0.564615
## Average_time_outdoors 0.073719
## Summed_PA_min 0.001985
## Smoking -1.282783
## Disability -1.317487
## Deprivation_Index -0.047230
## Population_density -0.458186
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.292230
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.222202
## Age 0.596006
## Sex 0.846434
## BMI 0.497083
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572875
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229997
## EducationNone of the above 2.436327
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451878
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.265025
## Income 0.407224
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285528
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686338
## Disability 0.976713
## Deprivation_Index 0.028322
## Population_density 0.889005
## t value
## (Intercept) 308.333
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.281
## Age -28.681
## Sex -11.784
## BMI 0.360
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.366
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.557
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.143
## EducationNone of the above 0.933
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.556
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.537
## Income -1.386
## Average_time_outdoors 0.258
## Summed_PA_min 0.405
## Smoking -1.869
## Disability -1.349
## Deprivation_Index -1.668
## Population_density -0.515
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0226
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.7190
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0180
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5778
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8865
## EducationNone of the above 0.3506
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5785
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5910
## Income 0.1656
## Average_time_outdoors 0.7963
## Summed_PA_min 0.6854
## Smoking 0.0617
## Disability 0.1774
## Deprivation_Index 0.0954
## Population_density 0.6063
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09849, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09681
## F-statistic: 58.8 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 702.275621620
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.071251155
## Age -18.262539853
## Sex -11.633577650
## BMI -0.795535070
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.343030350
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.611413618
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.052996267
## EducationNone of the above -2.501462729
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.652612678
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.222821280
## Income -1.362865887
## Average_time_outdoors -0.485979774
## Summed_PA_min -0.007617973
## Smoking -2.628159710
## Disability -3.232062257
## Deprivation_Index -0.102747154
## Population_density -2.200835276
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 711.262185051
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.942383040
## Age -15.925928364
## Sex -8.315177903
## BMI 1.153252494
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.500922723
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.475406343
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.689587302
## EducationNone of the above 7.050025314
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.039397659
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.657086251
## Income 0.233635588
## Average_time_outdoors 0.633418167
## Summed_PA_min 0.011587560
## Smoking 0.062593478
## Disability 0.597089011
## Deprivation_Index 0.008286333
## Population_density 1.284462404
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5909, -0.31, 0.0207, 0.3398, 5.6411
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.989e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.155e-03
## Age -2.158e-01
## Sex 2.845e-01
## BMI -1.332e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.877e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.907e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.225e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.840e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.458e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.039e-02
## Income -1.491e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.651e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.651e-05
## Smoking -3.873e-02
## Disability -3.067e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.593e-04
## Population_density -5.521e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.117e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.022e-03
## Age 8.101e-03
## Sex 1.151e-02
## BMI 6.758e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.679e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.537e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.881e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.659e-05
## Smoking 9.330e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.209e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 160.087
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.044
## Age -26.637
## Sex 24.722
## BMI -1.970
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.309
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.687
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.054
## EducationNone of the above 1.764
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.259
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.987
## Income -0.269
## Average_time_outdoors 0.683
## Summed_PA_min -0.248
## Smoking -4.151
## Disability -2.309
## Deprivation_Index 0.414
## Population_density -0.457
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.2965
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0488
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0210
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0916
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0400
## EducationNone of the above 0.0778
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0239
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3236
## Income 0.7877
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4945
## Summed_PA_min 0.8042
## Smoking 3.34e-05
## Disability 0.0210
## Deprivation_Index 0.6791
## Population_density 0.6479
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9144 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1639
## F-statistic: 106.6 on 17 and 9144 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9280601082
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.0090797693
## Age -0.2316576200
## Sex 0.2619191678
## BMI -0.0265622678
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0058560794
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0095700700
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0028299337
## EducationNone of the above -0.0065127181
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0058906965
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0299556148
## Income -0.0123437088
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0049562550
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001470387
## Smoking -0.0570153645
## Disability -0.0567037078
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005954406
## Population_density -0.0292155116
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.050242e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.768999e-03
## Age -1.998988e-01
## Sex 3.070315e-01
## BMI -6.909505e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 7.169181e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.277172e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.216623e-01
## EducationNone of the above 1.233141e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 8.327748e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.074441e-02
## Income 9.361975e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 1.025923e-02
## Summed_PA_min 1.140167e-04
## Smoking -2.043764e-02
## Disability -4.631261e-03
## Deprivation_Index 9.140226e-04
## Population_density 1.817360e-02
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.651, -22.816, 0.195, 23.873, 179.04
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.312406
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.548074
## Sex 25.791874
## Age -36.782028
## BMI -5.479922
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.205068
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.192652
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.126656
## EducationNone of the above 3.714939
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.109640
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.343849
## Income -0.483926
## Average_time_outdoors 0.372832
## Summed_PA_min -0.005994
## Smoking -5.101869
## Disability -1.715359
## Deprivation_Index -0.007711
## Population_density -1.183656
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.745220
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.087766
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.202384
## Sex 1.382613
## Age 0.542874
## BMI 0.452739
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.124906
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343352
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031122
## EducationNone of the above 2.219090
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322392
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063047
## Income 0.370908
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260170
## Summed_PA_min 0.004462
## Smoking 0.625115
## Disability 0.889604
## Deprivation_Index 0.025796
## Population_density 0.809712
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.303207
## t value
## (Intercept) 383.813
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.708
## Sex 18.654
## Age -67.754
## BMI -12.104
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.032
## EducationNone of the above 1.674
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.839
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.106
## Income -1.305
## Average_time_outdoors 1.433
## Summed_PA_min -1.343
## Smoking -8.161
## Disability -1.928
## Deprivation_Index -0.299
## Population_density -1.462
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.458
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00678
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.05000
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04221
## EducationNone of the above 0.09415
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.40143
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03527
## Income 0.19203
## Average_time_outdoors 0.15188
## Summed_PA_min 0.17923
## Smoking 3.75e-16
## Disability 0.05386
## Deprivation_Index 0.76501
## Population_density 0.14382
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.01400
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.32 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4506
## F-statistic: 418.7 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.21991747
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.15135611
## Sex 23.08164328
## Age -37.84618213
## BMI -6.36739070
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.41013531
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.40084037
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.14520353
## EducationNone of the above -0.63497368
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.48254400
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.29981636
## Income -1.21098928
## Average_time_outdoors -0.13715827
## Summed_PA_min -0.01474161
## Smoking -6.32723501
## Disability -3.45918063
## Deprivation_Index -0.05827589
## Population_density -2.77087341
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.33957389
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.054049e+02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 9.447926e-01
## Sex 2.850210e+01
## Age -3.571787e+01
## BMI -4.592453e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.605685e-06
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.786145e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.108108e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.064851e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.701823e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.387881e+00
## Income 2.431365e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 8.828228e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.753299e-03
## Smoking -3.876504e+00
## Disability 2.846354e-02
## Deprivation_Index 4.285414e-02
## Population_density 4.035610e-01
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.508651e-01
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.039, -26.081, -1.335, 24.673, 180.656
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 706.776338
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.507753
## Sex -9.226252
## Age -17.090013
## BMI 0.178161
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.921837
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.428054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.307515
## EducationNone of the above 2.288891
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.800003
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.229673
## Income -0.566648
## Average_time_outdoors 0.068700
## Summed_PA_min 0.002036
## Smoking -1.280919
## Disability -1.321857
## Deprivation_Index -0.047338
## Population_density -0.461615
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.197639
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.292345
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.222216
## Sex 1.518094
## Age 0.596070
## BMI 0.497102
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235135
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572975
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.230150
## EducationNone of the above 2.436537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451972
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.265203
## Income 0.407253
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285663
## Summed_PA_min 0.004900
## Smoking 0.686370
## Disability 0.976775
## Deprivation_Index 0.028323
## Population_density 0.889055
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332919
## t value
## (Intercept) 308.320
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.285
## Sex -6.078
## Age -28.671
## BMI 0.358
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.366
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.555
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.138
## EducationNone of the above 0.939
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.551
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.543
## Income -1.391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.240
## Summed_PA_min 0.416
## Smoking -1.866
## Disability -1.353
## Deprivation_Index -1.671
## Population_density -0.519
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.594
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0223
## Sex 1.27e-09
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.7201
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0180
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8903
## EducationNone of the above 0.3475
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5817
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5872
## Income 0.1641
## Average_time_outdoors 0.8100
## Summed_PA_min 0.6777
## Smoking 0.0620
## Disability 0.1760
## Deprivation_Index 0.0947
## Population_density 0.6036
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.5528
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09852, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09675
## F-statistic: 55.55 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 702.282829735
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.072160375
## Sex -12.202056441
## Age -18.258442854
## BMI -0.796269509
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.342976737
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.615551159
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.064076187
## EducationNone of the above -2.487265714
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.646192845
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.210631316
## Income -1.364954789
## Average_time_outdoors -0.491264134
## Summed_PA_min -0.007568345
## Smoking -2.626356961
## Disability -3.236554869
## Deprivation_Index -0.102857685
## Population_density -2.204362418
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.850233473
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 711.26984542
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.94334501
## Sex -6.25044829
## Age -15.92158234
## BMI 1.15259249
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.50069760
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.47165950
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.67910674
## EducationNone of the above 7.06504774
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.04618608
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.66997673
## Income 0.23165962
## Average_time_outdoors 0.62866406
## Summed_PA_min 0.01164088
## Smoking 0.06451966
## Disability 0.59284073
## Deprivation_Index 0.00818200
## Population_density 1.28113220
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.45495588
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.583, -0.312, 0.0211, 0.3398, 5.6433
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.989e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.122e-03
## Sex 3.086e-01
## Age -2.156e-01
## BMI -1.334e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.878e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.890e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.189e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.887e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.480e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income -1.559e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.490e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.489e-05
## Smoking -3.867e-02
## Disability -3.080e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.561e-04
## Population_density -5.643e-03
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -6.370e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.116e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.022e-03
## Sex 2.064e-02
## Age 8.101e-03
## BMI 6.757e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.679e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.536e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.883e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.659e-05
## Smoking 9.330e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.209e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 4.526e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 160.101
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.033
## Sex 14.952
## Age -26.619
## BMI -1.974
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.309
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.682
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.042
## EducationNone of the above 1.778
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.269
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.000
## Income -0.282
## Average_time_outdoors 0.641
## Summed_PA_min -0.224
## Smoking -4.145
## Disability -2.319
## Deprivation_Index 0.406
## Population_density -0.467
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.407
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3017
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0485
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0209
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0926
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0412
## EducationNone of the above 0.0755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0233
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3172
## Income 0.7783
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5213
## Summed_PA_min 0.8231
## Smoking 3.43e-05
## Disability 0.0204
## Deprivation_Index 0.6851
## Population_density 0.6406
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1593
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.527 on 9143 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.164
## F-statistic: 100.8 on 18 and 9143 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9283168058
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.0090457668
## Sex 0.2681334613
## Age -0.2315199562
## BMI -0.0265815455
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0058636907
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0097360493
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0024791562
## EducationNone of the above -0.0060474202
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0061036185
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0295561764
## Income -0.0124115629
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0051203412
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001454280
## Smoking -0.0569602284
## Disability -0.0568365547
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005985697
## Population_density -0.0293365091
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0152428029
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.050494e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.802742e-03
## Sex 3.490486e-01
## Age -1.997605e-01
## BMI -8.973488e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 7.169590e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.275447e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.213092e-01
## EducationNone of the above 1.237789e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 8.348850e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.114249e-02
## Income 9.293784e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 1.010095e-02
## Summed_PA_min 1.156526e-04
## Smoking -2.038415e-02
## Disability -4.765571e-03
## Deprivation_Index 9.108382e-04
## Population_density 1.805127e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.501959e-03
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.492, -10.474, -2.668, 7.132, 179.467
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.67570 0.76184 37.640 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.06490 0.07599 -0.854 0.393
## Age 5.17089 0.23015 22.468 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.18824 0.34120 0.552 0.581
## Race -5.83831 1.38576 -4.213 2.54e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04362, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04328
## F-statistic: 129.3 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.1823730 30.16903460
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2138423 0.08404903
## Age 4.7197547 5.62201664
## Sex -0.4805831 0.85705819
## Race -8.5546500 -3.12197959
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.72, -2.555, 0.288, 2.88, 63.496
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.38579 0.18562 104.438 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05549 0.01851 2.997 0.00273 **
## Age -2.67954 0.05608 -47.785 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -0.09864 0.08313 -1.186 0.23547
## Race 2.11148 0.33764 6.254 4.15e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.377 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.17, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1697
## F-statistic: 580.5 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.02194057 19.74963865
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.01920379 0.09178481
## Age -2.78946187 -2.56962636
## Sex -0.26159323 0.06432216
## Race 1.44964479 2.77331126
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.212, -10.472, -2.653, 7.146, 179.621
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.69886 0.76206 37.660 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.06704 0.07601 -0.882 0.378
## Sex -0.68540 0.79752 -0.859 0.390
## Age 5.17383 0.23016 22.480 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -5.85576 1.38581 -4.226 2.4e-05 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.18356 0.15146 1.212 0.226
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04374, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04332
## F-statistic: 103.7 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.2050923 30.19263148
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2160263 0.08193975
## Sex -2.2486882 0.87788102
## Age 4.7226870 5.62498069
## Race -8.5721873 -3.13933599
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.1133233 0.48044324
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.732, -2.55, 0.297, 2.877, 63.479
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.38991 0.18568 104.426 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05511 0.01852 2.976 0.00293 **
## Sex -0.25422 0.19432 -1.308 0.19082
## Age -2.67902 0.05608 -47.772 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 2.10837 0.33766 6.244 4.42e-10 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03269 0.03690 0.886 0.37574
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.377 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.17, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1697
## F-statistic: 464.6 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.02594679 19.75388066
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.01881130 0.09141272
## Sex -0.63512298 0.12668648
## Age -2.78894402 -2.56909415
## Race 1.44649576 2.77024624
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.03964824 0.10502694
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.494, -23.433, 0.295, 24.038, 171.318
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 788.9824 1.5175 519.907 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4621 0.1514 3.053 0.00227 **
## Age -36.9131 0.4584 -80.518 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 25.0781 0.6797 36.898 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.5234 2.7604 0.552 0.58104
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4419, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4417
## F-statistic: 2245 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.0077265 791.9570310
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1653612 0.7587482
## Age -37.8117388 -36.0144710
## Sex 23.7458085 26.4103337
## Race -3.8874288 6.9342224
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.135, -26.227, -1.059, 24.419, 186.755
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.1136 1.6339 429.101 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4830 0.1630 2.964 0.00304 **
## Age -16.8803 0.4936 -34.198 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -9.0975 0.7318 -12.432 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.7943 2.9721 -0.940 0.34714
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09885, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09854
## F-statistic: 311 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 697.9108281 704.3163371
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1635794 0.8024685
## Age -17.8478861 -15.9128002
## Sex -10.5319533 -7.6631070
## Race -8.6200234 3.0314536
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.602, -0.3112, 0.0258, 0.3417, 5.7042
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.9995238 0.0222687 224.509 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0002966 0.0022213 -0.134 0.89376
## Age -0.2155525 0.0067279 -32.039 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.2851969 0.0099757 28.589 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.1143976 0.0405054 -2.824 0.00475 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5251 on 11333 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1629, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1626
## F-statistic: 551.4 on 4 and 11333 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.95587331 5.043174363
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.00465073 0.004057436
## Age -0.22874030 -0.202364707
## Sex 0.26564279 0.304751062
## Race -0.19379509 -0.035000048
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.711, -23.35, 0.28, 24.146, 171.631
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 788.8994 1.5178 519.775 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4697 0.1514 3.103 0.00192 **
## Sex 28.2082 1.5884 17.759 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -36.9237 0.4584 -80.550 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.5859 2.7601 0.575 0.56558
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.6577 0.3017 -2.180 0.02926 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4422, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4419
## F-statistic: 1798 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 785.9243120 791.87450293
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1730208 0.76647074
## Sex 25.0946239 31.32171667
## Age -37.8222031 -36.02513230
## Race -3.8243166 6.99612799
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.2489558 -0.06636908
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.379, -26.216, -1.109, 24.351, 186.277
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.0777 1.6344 428.939 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4863 0.1630 2.983 0.00286 **
## Sex -7.7450 1.7105 -4.528 6.02e-06 ***
## Age -16.8849 0.4936 -34.205 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.7673 2.9722 -0.931 0.35185
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.2842 0.3248 -0.875 0.38168
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09891, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09852
## F-statistic: 248.9 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 697.8739351 704.2815249
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1668127 0.8058820
## Sex -11.0978760 -4.3920984
## Age -17.8525145 -15.9173004
## Race -8.5933874 3.0588389
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.9209285 0.3525652
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5993, -0.3114, 0.0257, 0.3422, 5.706
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.9993145 0.0222766 224.420 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0002772 0.0022220 -0.125 0.90071
## Sex 0.2930939 0.0233170 12.570 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -0.2155790 0.0067285 -32.040 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.1142398 0.0405091 -2.820 0.00481 **
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0016591 0.0044278 -0.375 0.70788
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5251 on 11332 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1629, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1626
## F-statistic: 441.1 on 5 and 11332 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.95564863 5.042980450
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.00463265 0.004078219
## Sex 0.24738860 0.338799290
## Age -0.22876806 -0.202390004
## Race -0.19364460 -0.034834950
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.01033836 0.007020098
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.46, -10.463, -2.665, 7.129, 179.368
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.62023 0.72958 39.228 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.06486 0.06941 -0.935 0.350
## Age 5.16935 0.23002 22.474 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.19217 0.34117 0.563 0.573
## Race -5.85437 1.38445 -4.229 2.37e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04363, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0433
## F-statistic: 129.3 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.1901268 30.05033370
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.2009074 0.07118431
## Age 4.7184742 5.62021925
## Sex -0.4765807 0.86092429
## Race -8.5681222 -3.14061340
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.745, -2.55, 0.287, 2.87, 63.537
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.49718 0.17780 109.660 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.03643 0.01691 2.154 0.0313 *
## Age -2.67557 0.05605 -47.732 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -0.10203 0.08314 -1.227 0.2198
## Race 2.14204 0.33739 6.349 2.25e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.378 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1697, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1694
## F-statistic: 579.2 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.148664365 19.84568971
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.003277954 0.06958603
## Age -2.785446939 -2.56569390
## Sex -0.265000995 0.06094566
## Race 1.480707758 2.80337824
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.09, -10.482, -2.639, 7.188, 179.848
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.64134 0.72953 39.260 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.06796 0.06941 -0.979 0.328
## Sex -0.93410 0.62629 -1.491 0.136
## Age 5.16688 0.22998 22.466 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -5.86877 1.38424 -4.240 2.26e-05 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.29706 0.13854 2.144 0.032 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04402, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0436
## F-statistic: 104.4 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.21133379 30.07134743
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.20401730 0.06809034
## Sex -2.16173183 0.29352479
## Age 4.71606979 5.61768310
## Race -8.58212137 -3.15540959
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.02551082 0.56861801
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.746, -2.549, 0.289, 2.871, 63.536
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.497478 0.177821 109.647 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.036388 0.016918 2.151 0.0315 *
## Sex -0.118091 0.152655 -0.774 0.4392
## Age -2.675606 0.056058 -47.730 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 2.141838 0.337405 6.348 2.26e-10 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.004237 0.033768 0.125 0.9002
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.378 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1697, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1693
## F-statistic: 463.4 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.14891858 19.84603767
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00322507 0.06955043
## Sex -0.41732170 0.18113917
## Age -2.78548832 -2.56572299
## Race 1.48046592 2.80320939
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.06195341 0.07042722
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.681, -23.365, 0.329, 24.121, 171.555
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 789.4448 1.4532 543.229 <2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4417 0.1382 3.195 0.0014 **
## Age -36.8993 0.4582 -80.537 <2e-16 ***
## Sex 25.0500 0.6796 36.861 <2e-16 ***
## Race 1.6555 2.7577 0.600 0.5483
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.442, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4418
## F-statistic: 2245 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.596215 792.2934398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.170732 0.7127094
## Age -37.797433 -36.0012537
## Sex 23.717947 26.3821135
## Race -3.750047 7.0609672
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.611, -26.22, -1.111, 24.275, 187.756
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.8596 1.5649 448.503 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3836 0.1489 2.577 0.00998 **
## Age -16.8550 0.4934 -34.163 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -9.1270 0.7318 -12.472 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.5871 2.9695 -0.871 0.38365
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09868, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09837
## F-statistic: 310.4 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 698.79211050 704.9270298
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.09182214 0.6754375
## Age -17.82213185 -15.8879595
## Sex -10.56137951 -7.6925363
## Race -8.40789077 3.2336898
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5958, -0.3113, 0.026, 0.3411, 5.7052
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.007435 0.021324 234.822 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002727 0.002029 -1.344 0.17907
## Age -0.215222 0.006723 -32.011 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.285213 0.009974 28.596 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.112320 0.040464 -2.776 0.00552 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.525 on 11333 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.163, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1627
## F-statistic: 551.9 on 4 and 11333 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.965635787 5.049234779
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006704136 0.001250909
## Age -0.228401530 -0.202043118
## Sex 0.265662717 0.304764224
## Race -0.191635929 -0.033003260
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.005, -23.384, 0.248, 24.213, 172.056
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 789.3983 1.4531 543.258 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4486 0.1382 3.245 0.00118 **
## Sex 27.5317 1.2474 22.071 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -36.8939 0.4581 -80.540 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.6872 2.7571 0.612 0.54059
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.6546 0.2759 -2.372 0.01770 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.77 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4423, Adjusted R-squared: 0.442
## F-statistic: 1798 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.5500212 792.2466025
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1775634 0.7195480
## Sex 25.0865292 29.9769146
## Age -37.7918178 -35.9959825
## Race -3.7172834 7.0916528
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.1954477 -0.1136856
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.358, -26.165, -1.122, 24.372, 187.552
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.8407 1.5650 448.447 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3864 0.1489 2.595 0.00947 **
## Sex -8.1216 1.3436 -6.045 1.54e-09 ***
## Age -16.8528 0.4934 -34.158 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.5742 2.9696 -0.867 0.38603
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.2652 0.2972 -0.892 0.37227
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09875, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09835
## F-statistic: 248.5 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 698.77295893 704.9084922
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.09452514 0.6782725
## Sex -10.75517034 -5.4879547
## Age -17.81994753 -15.8857335
## Race -8.39515922 3.2466630
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.84774013 0.3173775
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))
## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5886, -0.31, 0.0254, 0.3396, 5.7073
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.007011 0.021325 234.792 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002663 0.002030 -1.312 0.18946
## Sex 0.307694 0.018313 16.802 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -0.215170 0.006723 -32.004 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.112034 0.040462 -2.769 0.00563 **
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.005929 0.004051 -1.464 0.14331
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.525 on 11332 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1632, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 442 on 5 and 11332 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.965209461 5.048811976
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006641505 0.001314948
## Sex 0.271797294 0.343590374
## Age -0.228349212 -0.201991762
## Race -0.191346832 -0.032720307
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.013869453 0.002011221