Association between nature exposure and brain health: cross-sectional results from the UK Biobank Study
Ryan Stanley Falck; Revised by Matt Noseworthy
Revision 6: 2024-08-16
- 1) Initial set-up
- 2) Set-up variables for analysis
- 3) Determining final data set based on inclusion/exclusion criteria
- 4) Compare the complete data set with the final cognitive+brain+covariate data set
- 5) Regression analyses examining the associations of natural environment with cognitive function [subset having cognitive, brain, and covariate data]
- 6) Regression analyses examining the association of natural environment with brain volumes [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
- 7) Moderation by sex for cognitive function [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
- 8) Moderation by sex for for brain structure [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
- 9) Sensitivity analyses for cognitive function
- 10) Sensitivity analyses for brain volumes
- 12) Crude models requested by Reviewer 2: using only 3 covariates: age, sex, and ethnic background
1) Initial set-up
Load packages for the analysis using the “pacman” package
if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman")## Loading required package: pacmanpacman::p_load(boot,MASS,readxl,plyr,ggplot2,lme4,lmerTest,lsmeans,gtsummary,ggthemes,patchwork,modelsummary,psych,
lavaan,semTools,semPlot,expss)Set the working directory (i.e., where the data are stored)
setwd("~/Desktop/OneDrive - UBC/UK Biobank Greenspace Analysis")Load the data set * Notes: + 1) This dataset has been reduced from the full UKB dataset to the primary variables of interest for this analysis.
fulldata<-read.csv("UKB_Fulldata_Sept27_2023.csv") #Data#2) Set-up variables for analysis
Change sex to male vs. female
fulldata$Sex[fulldata$Sex==1]<-"Male"
fulldata$Sex[fulldata$Sex==0]<-"Female"Assessment centre
fulldata$Assessment_Centre<-NA
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11012]<-"Barts"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11021]<-"Birmingham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11011]<-"Bristol"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11008]<-"Bury"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11003]<-"Cardiff"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11024]<-"Cheadle (revisit)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11020]<-"Croydon"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11005]<-"Edinburgh"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11004]<-"Glasgow"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11018]<-"Hounslow"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11010]<-"Leeds"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11016]<-"Liverpool"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11001]<-"Manchester"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11017]<-"Middlesborough"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11009]<-"Newcastle"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11013]<-"Nottingham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11002]<-"Oxford"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11007]<-"Reading"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11014]<-"Sheffield"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==10003]<-"Stockport (pilot)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11006]<-"Stoke"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11022]<-"Swansea"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11023]<-"Wrexham"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11025]<-"Cheadle (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11026]<-"Reading (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11027]<-"Newcastle (imaging)"
fulldata$Assessment_Centre[fulldata$Assessment.centre==11028]<-"Bristol (imaging)"Length of time at current address (3 timepoints [T0, T2, T3]) * Recorded in whole years. -10: less than a year; -1: do not know; -3: prefer not to answer
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.0
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T0==-3] <- NA
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.2
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T2==-3] <- NA
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3 <- fulldata$Length.of.time.at.current.address.3
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-10] <- 0.5
fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3[fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-1 | fulldata$Time_at_current_address_T3==-3] <- NAHousehold Income
fulldata$Income<-NA
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==1]<- "<18,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==2]<- "18,000-30,999 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==3]<- "31,000-51,999 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==4]<- "52,000-100,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income==5]<- ">100,000 GBP"
fulldata$Income[fulldata$Household.Income<=0]<- "Do not know or prefer not to answer"Time spent outdoors (categorical variable)
#Time spent outdoors in summer (categorical)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer<-NA
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==0 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-10]<-"Less than 1 hour/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-3 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer==-1]<-"Do not know or prefer not to say"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=1 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer<7]<-"1-6 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=7 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer<13]<-"7-12 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer>=13]<-"13+ hours/day"
#Time spent outdoors in winter (categorical)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter<-NA
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==0 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-10]<-"Less than 1 hour/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-3 | fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter==-1]<-"Do not know or prefer not to say"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=1 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter<7]<-"1-6 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=7 & fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter<13]<-"7-12 hours/day"
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter[fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter>=13]<-"13+ hours/day"Time spent outdoors (continuous variable)
#Time spent outdoors in summer (continuous)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont<-fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.summer
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-10]<-0.5
fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-1 | fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont==-3]<-NA
#Time spent outdoors in winter (continuous)
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont<-fulldata$Time.spent.outdoors.in.winter
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-10]<-0.5
fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont[fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-1 | fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont==-3]<-NA
#Time spent outdoors, averaged over summer and winter (continuous)
fulldata$Average_time_outdoors <- (fulldata$Time_outdoors_summer_cont + fulldata$Time_outdoors_winter_cont) / 2Disability or infirmity status
fulldata$Disability<-NA
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Disability[fulldata$Disability.or.Infirmity.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"Hearing difficulty status
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty<-NA
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==99]<-"Completely Deaf"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==1]<-"Difficulty Hearing"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty==0]<-"No Difficulty"
fulldata$Hearing_difficulty[fulldata$Hearing.Difficulty<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"Diabetes status
fulldata$Diabetes<-NA
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Diabetes[fulldata$Diabetes.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"Cancer status
fulldata$Cancer<-NA
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Cancer[fulldata$Cancer.status<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"Other serious medical condition status
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions<-NA
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition==1]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition==0]<-"No"
fulldata$Other_medical_conditions[fulldata$Other.serious.medical.condition<=-1]<-"Don't know or prefer not to answer"Educational attainment
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==1]<-"College or University Degree"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==2]<-"A levels/AS levels or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==3]<-"O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==4]<-"CSEs or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==5]<-"National Vocational Qualification or equivalent"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==6]<-"Other professional qualifications"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==-7]<-"None of the above"
fulldata$Education[fulldata$Education==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"Employment status
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==1]<-"In paid employment or self-employed"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==2]<-"Retired"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==3]<-"Looking after home and/or family"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==4]<-"Unable to work because of sickness or disability"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==5]<-"Unemployed"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==6]<-"Doing unpaid or voluntary work"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==7]<-"Student"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
fulldata$Employment[fulldata$Employment==-7]<-"None of the above"Eye problems (data only available from ~30,000 participants)
fulldata$Eye_problems<-NA
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==1 | fulldata$Eye.problems==2 | fulldata$Eye.problems==3 | fulldata$Eye.problems==4 | fulldata$Eye.problems==5 | fulldata$Eye.problems==6]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-7]<-"No"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"
fulldata$Eye_problems[fulldata$Eye.problems==-1]<-"Do not know"Cardiovascular disease status
#Cardiovascular Disease
fulldata$CVD_problems<-NA
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==1 |fulldata$CVD.problems==2 | fulldata$CVD.problems==3 |
fulldata$CVD.problems==4]<-"Yes"
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==-7]<-"No"
fulldata$CVD_problems[fulldata$CVD.problems==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"Blood clots, allergies, and breathing problems status
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies<-NA
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==5 | fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==7 |
fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==6 |fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==8 |
fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==9]<-"Yes"
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==-7] <- "No"
fulldata$Clots_Asthma_Allergies[fulldata$Blood.clots.and.breathing.problems==-3] <- "Prefer not to answer"Alcohol consumption
fulldata$Alcohol<-NA
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==0]<-"Never"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==1]<-"Previous drinker"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==2]<-"Current drinker"
fulldata$Alcohol[fulldata$Alcohol.intake==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"Smoking status
fulldata$Smoking<-NA
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==0]<-"Never"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==1]<-"Previous Smoker"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==2]<-"Current Smoker"
fulldata$Smoking[fulldata$Smoking.Status==-3]<-"Prefer not to answer"Home area population density
fulldata$Population_density<-NA
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==1 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==5 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==11 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==12]<-"Urban area"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==2 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==6 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==13]<-"Town"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==3 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==4 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density==7 | fulldata$Home.area.population.density==8 |
fulldata$Home.area.population.density>=14]<-"Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"
fulldata$Population_density[fulldata$Home.area.population.density==9]<-"Postcode not linkable" Bipolar/Depression Status
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression<-NA
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==0]<-"No Bipolar or Depression"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==1 |
fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==2]<-"Bipolar Disorder"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==3 |
fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==4]<-"Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder"
fulldata$Bipolar_Depression[fulldata$Bipolar.and.depression.status==5]<-"Probable Single Major Depressive Episode"Ethnicity/Race
fulldata$Race<-NA
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==1001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==1002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==1003]<-"White"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==2001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2003 | fulldata$Ethnicity==2004]<-"Mixed"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==3001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3003 | fulldata$Ethnicity==3004]<-"Asian or Asian British"
fulldata$Race[fulldata$Ethnicity==4001 | fulldata$Ethnicity==4002 | fulldata$Ethnicity==4003]<-"Black or Black British"Age
fulldata$Age<-fulldata$Baseline.AgePhysical Activity Variables * Note: Summed_PA_min is PER DAY * Walking, Moderate PA, and Vigorous PA values are MET min/week. IPAQ conversion is: Walking = 3.3 METs, Moderate PA = 4.0 METs, and Vigorous PA = 8.0 METs
fulldata$Summed_PA_min<-fulldata$Summed.minutes.week.of.PA
fulldata$Summed_walking_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.walking
fulldata$Summed_moderate_PA_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.moderate.PA
fulldata$Summed_vigorous_PA_min<-fulldata$MET.minutes.week.of.vigorous.PA
fulldata$Summed_PA_MET_min<- (fulldata$Summed_walking_min + fulldata$Summed_moderate_PA_min + fulldata$Summed_vigorous_PA_min)Index of Multiple Deprivation
fulldata$Deprivation_Index<-NA
fulldata$Deprivation_Index[!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) & is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement lengthfulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement lengthfulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England) &
is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Scotland) &
!is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales)]<-fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.Wales## Warning in
## fulldata$Deprivation_Index[is.na(fulldata$Index.of.multiple.deprivation.England)
## & : number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement lengthNeuropsychological testing variables * “DSST” actually refers to Symbol Digit (not Digit Symbol) Substitution test * For Pairs Matching, index 1 refers to the second round of the test, involving 6 pairs of cards.
#Pairs Matching Score - this code corrected Jan. 9, 2025
fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct<-NA
fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1)]<-fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1## Warning in
## fulldata$Pairs_matching_correct[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1)] <-
## fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Correct.1: number of items to replace is not a multiple
## of replacement lengthfulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect<-NA
fulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1)]<-fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1## Warning in
## fulldata$Pairs_matching_incorrect[!is.na(fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1)]
## <- fulldata$Pairs.Matching.Incorrect.1: number of items to replace is not a
## multiple of replacement length#Trails B-A
fulldata$Trails_B_A<- fulldata$Trails.B.Time - fulldata$Trails.A.Time
#Symbol Digit Substitution Score
fulldata$Symbol.Digit<-fulldata$DSST.Total.Score
#Fluid Intelligence Score
fulldata$Fluid_intelligence<-fulldata$Fluid.Intellgence.Score
#Numeric Memory Score
fulldata$Numeric_memory<-fulldata$Numeric.Memory.ScoreGreenspace and environmental variables (T0)
#Greenspace percentage
fulldata$Greenspace_pcnt_1000m<-fulldata$Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0
fulldata$Greenspace_pcnt_300m<-fulldata$Greenspace.percentage.300m.0
#Natural Environment percentage
fulldata$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m<-fulldata$Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0
fulldata$Natural_environment_pcnt_300m<-fulldata$Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0Brain volumes variables (2 timepoints [T2, T3]) * Using “Volumetric scaling from T1 image to standard space”, we calculated HPC volumes adjusted for head size.
#Grey matter volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#Grey matter volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_unadjusted_T2<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$Grey_matter_volume_unadjusted_T3<- fulldata$Grey.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.3
#White matter volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#White matter volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$White_matter_volume_unadjusted_T2<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$White_matter_volume_unadjusted_T3<- fulldata$White.Matter.Volume.unadjusted.3
#Total brain volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume..normalized.for.head.size..2
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume..normalized.for.head.size..3
#Total brain volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$Total.brain.volume.unadjusted.3
#Hippocampal volume (Left Hemisphere; unadjusted)
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- fulldata$Left.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- fulldata$Left.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
#Hippocampal volume (Left Hemisphere; adjusted for head size)
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.2
fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.3
#Hippocampal volume (Right Hemisphere; unadjusted)
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- fulldata$Right.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.2
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- fulldata$Right.hippocampal.volume.unadjusted.3
#Hippocampal volume (Right Hemisphere; adjusted for head size)
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.2
fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3 * fulldata$Volumetric.scaling.3
#Average hippocampal volume (unadjusted)
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_T2 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T2 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T2)/2
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_T3 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_T3 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_T3)/2
#Average hippocampal volume (adjusted for head size)
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2)/2
fulldata$Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 <- (fulldata$L_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 + fulldata$R_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3)/2
#Total white matter hyperintensity volume
fulldata$Total_WMH_volume_T2<-fulldata$Total.volume.of.white.matter.hyperintensities.2
fulldata$Total_WMH_volume_T3<-fulldata$Total.volume.of.white.matter.hyperintensities.33) Determining final data set based on inclusion/exclusion criteria
First, only participants without stroke, Parkinson’s, or dementia are included (N=483,664)
included<-subset(fulldata, grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) &
CVD.problems!=3)
length(included$ID)## [1] 483664*Note: Counts for “included” and “excluded” do not sum to “fulldata” because missing (NA) values for CVD.problems will return false for both CVD.problems!=3 and CVD.problems==3. Therefore, adjust “included” to also include those with NA for CVD.problems.
included2<-subset(fulldata, grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) & grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) & (CVD.problems!=3 | is.na(CVD.problems)))
length(included2$ID)## [1] 484559Excluded participants (N=17,863)
Excluded<-subset(fulldata, !grepl("^\\s*$", Stroke.Date) | !grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.All.Cause.Dementia) | !grepl("^\\s*$", Date.of.Parkinsons.Disease) |
CVD.problems==3)
length(Excluded$ID)## [1] 17863For the combined cognitive and brain analysis, only participants with complete cognitive and brain data were included (N= 17,494)
CogsBrain<- subset(included, !is.na(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2) & !is.na(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2) &
!is.na(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2) &
!is.na(Trails_B_A) & !is.na(Symbol.Digit) &
!is.na(Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0) & !is.na(Greenspace.percentage.300m.0) &
!is.na(Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0) & !is.na(Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0))
length(CogsBrain$ID)## [1] 17494For the final analytical sample, only participants with complete cognitive, brain, and covariate data were included (N=11,448) * Observations were excluded if any values for the above were: NA, “Do not know or prefer not to answer”,“Do not know or prefer not to say”,“Don’t know or prefer not to answer”,“Prefer not to answer”, “Do not know”, “Postcode not linkable”.
#include observations if the values are not missing
CogsBrainCov <- included[!apply(included[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit","Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0","Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(CogsBrainCov$ID)## [1] 11448*Adjusted final analytical sample, starting from “included2”. Luckily, this leads to the same final sample as that derived from “included”, so no further adjustments need to be made.
#include observations if the values are not missing
CogsBrainCov2 <- included2[!apply(included2[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit","Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0","Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(CogsBrainCov2$ID)## [1] 11448Check distribution of missing data across nature exposure, brain structure, cognitive functions, and covariates
#missing nature exposure
missingNature <- included2[apply(included2[c("Greenspace.percentage.1000m.0","Greenspace.percentage.300m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.1000m.0","Natural.environment.percentage.300m.0")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingNature$ID)## [1] 59343#missing brain structure
missingBrain <- included2[apply(included2[c("Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2","White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingBrain$ID)## [1] 442279#missing cognitive function
missingCog <- included2[apply(included2[c("Trails_B_A","Symbol.Digit")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingCog$ID)## [1] 384875#missing covariates
missingCovars <- included2[apply(included2[c("Age","Sex","BMI","Education","Income","Average_time_outdoors","Summed_PA_min","Smoking","Disability","Deprivation_Index","Population_density")], 1, function(row) any(row %in% c("Do not know or prefer not to answer","Do not know or prefer not to say","Don't know or prefer not to answer","Prefer not to answer", "Do not know", "Postcode not linkable") | is.na(row))), ]
length(missingCovars$ID)## [1] 243648These are the simplified data sets we’ll be using for 1) the full data set (i.e., all ~500,000 participants), 2) participants with both cognitive and brain data (N= 17,494), and 3) participants with cognitive, brain, and covariate data (N= 11,448).
Full.df<-fulldata[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
CogsBrain.df<-CogsBrain[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
CogsBrainCov.df<-CogsBrainCov[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]
#Adding the other 3 cognitive function tests
CogsPlusBrainCov.df <- CogsBrainCov[c(1,113,4,11,112,94,5,6,108,109,106,107,102,103,101,105,100,111,104,114,115,118,97:99,119,110,122,123,124,125,121,126:129,130,131,134,135,138,139,150:153,91:93,41,43,44)]This step creates variable labels that are easy to understand in the data output.
Full.df = apply_labels(Full.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)
CogsBrainCov.df = apply_labels(CogsBrainCov.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)
CogsPlusBrainCov.df = apply_labels(CogsPlusBrainCov.df,
Age = "Age (years)",
BMI = "Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)",
Income = "Household Income",
Time_outdoors_summer_cont = "Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day)",
Time_outdoors_winter_cont = "Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day)",
Average_time_outdoors = "Average time outdoors (hours/day)",
Hearing_difficulty = "Hearing problems",
Eye_problems = "Eye problems",
Disability = "Living with a disability or long-term illness",
Diabetes = "Living with diabetes mellitus",
Cancer = "Living with or previously had cancer",
Other_medical_conditions = "Living with another serious medical condition",
CVD_problems = "Living with cardiovascular disease",
Clots_Asthma_Allergies = "Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma",
Bipolar_Depression = "Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression",
Alcohol = "Alcohol drinking status",
Smoking = "Smoking status",
Population_density = "Home area population density",
Summed_PA_min = "Total physical activity (min/day)",
Summed_walking_min = "Total walking (MET min/week)",
Summed_PA_MET_min = "Total physical activity (MET min/week)",
Trails_B_A = "Trail making test (B-A; sec)",
Symbol.Digit = "Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)",
Fluid_intelligence = "Fluid intelligence (correct answers)",
Numeric_memory = "Numeric memory (maximum digits recalled)",
Pairs_matching_incorrect = "Pairs matching (incorrect matches)",
Greenspace_pcnt_300m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Greenspace_pcnt_1000m = "Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_300m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters)",
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = "Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters)",
Deprivation_Index = "Townsend Deprivation Index",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2 = "White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T3 = "White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2 = "Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T3 ="Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T2 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3)",
Total_WMH_volume_T3 = "White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3)"
)4) Compare the complete data set with the final cognitive+brain+covariate data set
This step will summarize participant characteristics for the full data set, as compared to the final analytical data set
Full.df$included<-"All participants"
CogsBrain.df$included<-"Participants with both brain and cognitive data"
CogsBrainCov.df$included<-"Participants with brain, cognitive, and covariate data"
Tableone.df<-rbind(Full.df,CogsBrainCov.df)
vars<- Tableone.df %>% select(c(2:43,50))
vars %>% tbl_summary(
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2,
by = included
)| Characteristic | All participants, N = 502,4221 | Participants with brain, cognitive, and covariate data, N = 11,4481 |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.53 (8.10) | 54.95 (7.46) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 273,332 (54%) | 5,784 (51%) |
| Male | 229,089 (46%) | 5,664 (49%) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m^2) | 27.43 (4.80) | 26.38 (4.22) |
| Unknown | 3,105 | 0 |
| Race | ||
| Asian or Asian British | 9,836 (2.0%) | 81 (0.7%) |
| Black or Black British | 8,031 (1.6%) | 52 (0.5%) |
| Mixed | 2,905 (0.6%) | 40 (0.4%) |
| White | 472,055 (96%) | 11,171 (98%) |
| Unknown | 9,595 | 104 |
| Household Income | ||
| <18,000 GBP | 97,182 (20%) | 1,201 (10%) |
| >100,000 GBP | 22,928 (4.6%) | 972 (8.5%) |
| 18,000-30,999 GBP | 108,161 (22%) | 2,471 (22%) |
| 31,000-51,999 GBP | 110,754 (22%) | 3,499 (31%) |
| 52,000-100,000 GBP | 86,251 (17%) | 3,305 (29%) |
| Do not know or prefer not to answer | 71,134 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 6,012 | 0 |
| Education | ||
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 55,314 (11%) | 1,574 (14%) |
| College or University Degree | 161,132 (32%) | 6,020 (53%) |
| CSEs or equivalent | 26,885 (5.4%) | 353 (3.1%) |
| National Vocational Qualification or equivalent | 32,724 (6.6%) | 526 (4.6%) |
| None of the above | 85,260 (17%) | 405 (3.5%) |
| O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent | 105,178 (21%) | 2,083 (18%) |
| Other professional qualifications | 25,799 (5.2%) | 487 (4.3%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 5,490 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 4,640 | 0 |
| Employment | ||
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 2,327 (0.5%) | 55 (0.5%) |
| In paid employment or self-employed | 287,090 (57%) | 7,878 (69%) |
| Looking after home and/or family | 13,855 (2.8%) | 276 (2.4%) |
| None of the above | 2,800 (0.6%) | 36 (0.3%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 2,079 (0.4%) | 4 (<0.1%) |
| Retired | 166,970 (33%) | 2,943 (26%) |
| Student | 1,343 (0.3%) | 40 (0.3%) |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 16,824 (3.4%) | 86 (0.8%) |
| Unemployed | 8,263 (1.6%) | 130 (1.1%) |
| Unknown | 871 | 0 |
| Alcohol drinking status | ||
| Current drinker | 460,292 (92%) | 10,985 (96%) |
| Never | 22,382 (4.5%) | 227 (2.0%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 755 (0.2%) | 1 (<0.1%) |
| Previous drinker | 18,095 (3.6%) | 235 (2.1%) |
| Unknown | 898 | 0 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current Smoker | 52,963 (11%) | 681 (5.9%) |
| Never | 273,482 (55%) | 6,909 (60%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 2,057 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Previous Smoker | 173,028 (35%) | 3,858 (34%) |
| Unknown | 892 | 0 |
| Living with cardiovascular disease | ||
| No | 350,901 (70%) | 9,169 (80%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1,293 (0.3%) | 4 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 149,298 (30%) | 2,275 (20%) |
| Unknown | 930 | 0 |
| Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma | ||
| No | 339,508 (68%) | 7,701 (67%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 1,209 (0.2%) | 3 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 160,773 (32%) | 3,744 (33%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Living with diabetes mellitus | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 1,684 (0.3%) | 5 (<0.1%) |
| No | 473,411 (94%) | 11,194 (98%) |
| Yes | 26,395 (5.3%) | 249 (2.2%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Living with or previously had cancer | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 1,843 (0.4%) | 12 (0.1%) |
| No | 461,034 (92%) | 10,806 (94%) |
| Yes | 38,613 (7.7%) | 630 (5.5%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Hearing problems | ||
| Completely Deaf | 130 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Difficulty Hearing | 122,021 (25%) | 2,611 (23%) |
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 20,275 (4.1%) | 359 (3.1%) |
| No Difficulty | 355,307 (71%) | 8,478 (74%) |
| Unknown | 4,689 | 0 |
| Eye problems | ||
| Do not know | 4,839 (2.8%) | 42 (1.0%) |
| No | 132,123 (76%) | 3,379 (84%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 410 (0.2%) | 2 (<0.1%) |
| Yes | 37,209 (21%) | 590 (15%) |
| Unknown | 327,841 | 7,435 |
| Living with a disability or long-term illness | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 12,437 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| No | 329,196 (66%) | 8,825 (77%) |
| Yes | 159,870 (32%) | 2,623 (23%) |
| Unknown | 919 | 0 |
| Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 1,615 (1.3%) | 29 (0.9%) |
| No Bipolar or Depression | 89,510 (73%) | 2,266 (71%) |
| Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder | 23,907 (19%) | 668 (21%) |
| Probable Single Major Depressive Episode | 7,922 (6.4%) | 221 (6.9%) |
| Unknown | 379,468 | 8,264 |
| Living with another serious medical condition | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 9,715 (1.9%) | 110 (1.0%) |
| No | 391,784 (78%) | 9,523 (83%) |
| Yes | 99,991 (20%) | 1,815 (16%) |
| Unknown | 932 | 0 |
| Total physical activity (min/day) | 127.10 (101.90) | 119.09 (88.94) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Total walking (MET min/week) | 1,039.59 (1,086.18) | 914.52 (981.18) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Total physical activity (MET min/week) | 2,650.26 (2,713.19) | 2,366.74 (2,285.89) |
| Unknown | 100,108 | 0 |
| Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day) | 3.80 (2.40) | 3.21 (2.10) |
| Unknown | 33,641 | 0 |
| Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day) | 1.95 (1.81) | 1.55 (1.36) |
| Unknown | 33,848 | 0 |
| Average time outdoors (hours/day) | 2.88 (1.93) | 2.38 (1.59) |
| Unknown | 39,961 | 0 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | 17.67 (14.02) | 17.97 (14.28) |
| Unknown | 126,392 | 0 |
| Home area population density | ||
| Postcode not linkable | 18 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Town | 33,850 (6.8%) | 909 (7.9%) |
| Urban area | 428,714 (86%) | 9,509 (83%) |
| Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area | 34,790 (7.0%) | 1,030 (9.0%) |
| Unknown | 5,050 | 0 |
| Trail making test (B-A; sec) | 27.61 (20.50) | 25.56 (18.38) |
| Unknown | 398,406 | 0 |
| Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches) | 19.68 (5.24) | 20.67 (4.81) |
| Unknown | 383,971 | 0 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 40.52 (25.60) | 44.28 (26.05) |
| Unknown | 4,961 | 0 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 26.09 (25.10) | 29.47 (26.59) |
| Unknown | 4,961 | 0 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 44.99 (21.63) | 47.52 (22.29) |
| Unknown | 61,625 | 0 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 35.27 (23.22) | 37.82 (24.34) |
| Unknown | 61,625 | 0 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 791,149.64 (48,503.01) | 791,993.42 (47,912.11) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 790,640.69 (46,540.19) | 789,019.68 (45,362.53) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 701,097.97 (41,152.31) | 701,963.64 (40,585.11) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 696,313.45 (40,518.46) | 697,239.58 (40,246.94) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 | 1,159,724.15 (111,640.01) | 1,169,325.68 (109,392.72) |
| Unknown | 459,614 | 0 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 | 1,156,133.83 (112,200.87) | 1,163,884.13 (109,606.16) |
| Unknown | 498,996 | 10,422 |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 4,942.63 (579.44) | 4,944.39 (574.14) |
| Unknown | 459,631 | 6 |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 4,965.26 (553.17) | 4,931.22 (548.44) |
| Unknown | 499,130 | 10,422 |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3) | 5,149.16 (6,794.83) | 4,876.50 (6,376.73) |
| Unknown | 460,983 | 395 |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3) | 5,494.23 (6,788.72) | 5,451.51 (6,405.32) |
| Unknown | 499,010 | 10,427 |
| 1 Mean (SD); n (%) | ||
Table for cognitive+brain+covariate subset, stratified by sex
tbl_summary(
select(CogsBrainCov.df, c(2:43)),
by = "Sex",
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2
) %>%
add_p(test = list(all_continuous() ~ "t.test",
all_categorical() ~ "chisq.test"))## Warning for variable 'Employment':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = c("In paid employment or self-employed", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect## Warning for variable 'Alcohol':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("Current drinker", "Current drinker", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect## Warning for variable 'CVD_problems':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("No", "No", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect## Warning for variable 'Clots_Asthma_Allergies':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect## Warning for variable 'Diabetes':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c("No", "No", "No", "No", "No", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect## Warning for variable 'Eye_problems':
## simpleWarning in stats::chisq.test(x = structure(c(NA, NA, "No", NA, NA, NA, "Yes", : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect| Characteristic | Female, N = 5,7841 | Male, N = 5,6641 | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.84 (7.21) | 56.08 (7.54) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m^2) | 25.93 (4.56) | 26.84 (3.78) | <0.001 |
| Race | 0.13 | ||
| Asian or Asian British | 33 (0.6%) | 48 (0.9%) | |
| Black or Black British | 28 (0.5%) | 24 (0.4%) | |
| Mixed | 25 (0.4%) | 15 (0.3%) | |
| White | 5,645 (98%) | 5,526 (98%) | |
| Unknown | 53 | 51 | |
| Household Income | <0.001 | ||
| <18,000 GBP | 694 (12%) | 507 (9.0%) | |
| >100,000 GBP | 471 (8.1%) | 501 (8.8%) | |
| 18,000-30,999 GBP | 1,375 (24%) | 1,096 (19%) | |
| 31,000-51,999 GBP | 1,733 (30%) | 1,766 (31%) | |
| 52,000-100,000 GBP | 1,511 (26%) | 1,794 (32%) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 876 (15%) | 698 (12%) | |
| College or University Degree | 2,947 (51%) | 3,073 (54%) | |
| CSEs or equivalent | 173 (3.0%) | 180 (3.2%) | |
| National Vocational Qualification or equivalent | 155 (2.7%) | 371 (6.6%) | |
| None of the above | 176 (3.0%) | 229 (4.0%) | |
| O levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent | 1,147 (20%) | 936 (17%) | |
| Other professional qualifications | 310 (5.4%) | 177 (3.1%) | |
| Employment | <0.001 | ||
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work | 39 (0.7%) | 16 (0.3%) | |
| In paid employment or self-employed | 4,054 (70%) | 3,824 (68%) | |
| Looking after home and/or family | 257 (4.4%) | 19 (0.3%) | |
| None of the above | 17 (0.3%) | 19 (0.3%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 3 (<0.1%) | 1 (<0.1%) | |
| Retired | 1,297 (22%) | 1,646 (29%) | |
| Student | 23 (0.4%) | 17 (0.3%) | |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability | 44 (0.8%) | 42 (0.7%) | |
| Unemployed | 50 (0.9%) | 80 (1.4%) | |
| Alcohol drinking status | <0.001 | ||
| Current drinker | 5,507 (95%) | 5,478 (97%) | |
| Never | 141 (2.4%) | 86 (1.5%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 1 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Previous drinker | 135 (2.3%) | 100 (1.8%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Current Smoker | 297 (5.1%) | 384 (6.8%) | |
| Never | 3,667 (63%) | 3,242 (57%) | |
| Previous Smoker | 1,820 (31%) | 2,038 (36%) | |
| Living with cardiovascular disease | <0.001 | ||
| No | 4,904 (85%) | 4,265 (75%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| Yes | 878 (15%) | 1,397 (25%) | |
| Living with blood clots, allergies, or asthma | 0.10 | ||
| No | 3,838 (66%) | 3,863 (68%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 1 (<0.1%) | |
| Yes | 1,944 (34%) | 1,800 (32%) | |
| Living with diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 3 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| No | 5,701 (99%) | 5,493 (97%) | |
| Yes | 80 (1.4%) | 169 (3.0%) | |
| Living with or previously had cancer | <0.001 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 10 (0.2%) | 2 (<0.1%) | |
| No | 5,402 (93%) | 5,404 (95%) | |
| Yes | 372 (6.4%) | 258 (4.6%) | |
| Hearing problems | <0.001 | ||
| Difficulty Hearing | 1,110 (19%) | 1,501 (27%) | |
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 212 (3.7%) | 147 (2.6%) | |
| No Difficulty | 4,462 (77%) | 4,016 (71%) | |
| Eye problems | 0.4 | ||
| Do not know | 19 (0.9%) | 23 (1.1%) | |
| No | 1,702 (85%) | 1,677 (84%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Yes | 288 (14%) | 302 (15%) | |
| Unknown | 3,773 | 3,662 | |
| Living with a disability or long-term illness | 1,203 (21%) | 1,420 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Living with Bipolar Disorder or Depression | <0.001 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 15 (1.0%) | 14 (0.9%) | |
| No Bipolar or Depression | 1,013 (64%) | 1,253 (78%) | |
| Probable Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder | 426 (27%) | 242 (15%) | |
| Probable Single Major Depressive Episode | 118 (7.5%) | 103 (6.4%) | |
| Unknown | 4,212 | 4,052 | |
| Living with another serious medical condition | 0.015 | ||
| Don't know or prefer not to answer | 69 (1.2%) | 41 (0.7%) | |
| No | 4,826 (83%) | 4,697 (83%) | |
| Yes | 889 (15%) | 926 (16%) | |
| Total physical activity (min/day) | 118.56 (87.26) | 119.63 (90.64) | 0.5 |
| Total walking (MET min/week) | 955.67 (1,008.90) | 872.49 (950.28) | <0.001 |
| Total physical activity (MET min/week) | 2,344.11 (2,219.79) | 2,389.84 (2,351.44) | 0.3 |
| Time outdoors in the summer (hours/day) | 3.01 (1.92) | 3.41 (2.25) | <0.001 |
| Time outdoors in the winter (hours/day) | 1.34 (1.13) | 1.76 (1.54) | <0.001 |
| Average time outdoors (hours/day) | 2.18 (1.37) | 2.58 (1.75) | <0.001 |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | 17.80 (14.39) | 18.14 (14.16) | 0.2 |
| Home area population density | 0.6 | ||
| Town | 445 (7.7%) | 464 (8.2%) | |
| Urban area | 4,819 (83%) | 4,690 (83%) | |
| Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area | 520 (9.0%) | 510 (9.0%) | |
| Trail making test (B-A; sec) | 25.11 (18.79) | 26.02 (17.95) | 0.009 |
| Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches) | 20.91 (5.01) | 20.42 (4.58) | <0.001 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 43.63 (26.24) | 44.94 (25.85) | 0.007 |
| Greenspace percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 29.06 (26.66) | 29.90 (26.52) | 0.094 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 1000 meters) | 47.03 (22.45) | 48.01 (22.11) | 0.018 |
| Natural environment percentage (buffered to 300 meters) | 37.65 (24.49) | 37.99 (24.18) | 0.5 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 808,447.68 (45,431.69) | 775,190.56 (44,424.10) | <0.001 |
| Grey matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 803,305.51 (43,412.76) | 774,452.62 (42,628.54) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 699,249.63 (40,299.93) | 704,735.15 (40,691.43) | <0.001 |
| White matter volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 694,588.97 (39,844.63) | 699,942.36 (40,513.84) | 0.033 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T2 | 1,113,341.30 (89,927.24) | 1,226,496.17 (97,266.10) | <0.001 |
| Total_brain_volume_adjusted_T3 | 1,105,948.20 (85,621.28) | 1,222,960.53 (99,427.20) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 5,108.73 (522.77) | 4,776.51 (575.74) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 2 | 4 | |
| Average hippocampal volume at imaging study follow-up (adjusted for head size; mm^3) | 5,087.17 (497.40) | 4,772.20 (552.84) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,266 | 5,156 | |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study entry (mm^3) | 4,283.16 (5,752.85) | 5,484.30 (6,905.91) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 191 | 204 | |
| White matter hyperintensities volume at imaging study follow-up (mm^3) | 4,695.93 (5,419.46) | 6,223.54 (7,199.99) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 5,268 | 5,159 | |
| 1 Mean (SD); n (%) | |||
| 2 Welch Two Sample t-test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
5) Regression analyses examining the associations of natural environment with cognitive function [subset having cognitive, brain, and covariate data]
First, this step recodes our covariates of interest into scales which are easier to interpret in a regression. Important notes: 1. Every unit of age represents 10 years above the mean age 2. Every unit of BMI represents 5 kg/m^2 above the mean BMI 3. Every unit of natural environment represents a %10 increase in natural environment 4. Brain volumes are reformatted to cubic centimeters (cm^3) 5. Education kept as nominal.
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:expss':
##
## compute, contains, na_if, recode, vars, where## The following objects are masked from 'package:maditr':
##
## between, coalesce, first, last## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
##
## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
## summarize## The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
##
## select## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionCogsBrainCov.df2<-CogsBrainCov.df %>%
mutate(Age = scale(Age, scale=FALSE)/10,
Sex = recode(Sex,
"Female" = 0.5,
"Male" = -0.5),
BMI = scale(BMI, scale=FALSE)/5,
Race = recode(Race,
"White" = 0.5,
"Mixed" = -0.5,
"Black or Black British"= -0.5,
"Asian or Asian British"= -0.5),
Income = as.numeric(factor(Income,
levels = c("<18,000 GBP","18,000-30,999 GBP","31,000-51,999 GBP","52,000-100,000 GBP",">100,000 GBP"))),
Disability = recode(Disability,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Diabetes = recode(Diabetes,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
CVD_problems = recode(CVD_problems,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Cancer = recode(Cancer,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Other_medical_conditions = recode(Other_medical_conditions,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Alcohol = as.numeric(factor(Alcohol,
levels = c("Never","Previous drinker","Current drinker"))),
Smoking = as.numeric(factor(Smoking,
levels = c("Never", "Previous Smoker", "Current Smoker"))),
Population_density = as.numeric(factor(Population_density,
levels = c("Urban area", "Town", "Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"))),
Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m/10,
Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_1000m/10,
Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_300m/10,
Greenspace_300m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_300m/10,
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Total_WMH_volume_T2_cm3 = Total_WMH_volume_T2/1000
)## Warning: There were 4 warnings in `mutate()`.
## The first warning was:
## ℹ In argument: `Diabetes = recode(Diabetes, Yes = 1, No = 0)`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! Unreplaced values treated as NA as `.x` is not compatible.
## Please specify replacements exhaustively or supply `.default`.
## ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 3 remaining warnings.detach(package:dplyr,unload=TRUE)## Warning: 'dplyr' namespace cannot be unloaded:
## namespace 'dplyr' is imported by 'tidyr', 'broom.helpers', 'broom', 'gt', 'gtsummary' so cannot be unloadedRepeating above step for separate dataset with the additional cognitive outcomes
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:expss':
##
## compute, contains, na_if, recode, vars, where## The following objects are masked from 'package:maditr':
##
## between, coalesce, first, last## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
##
## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
## summarize## The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
##
## select## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionCogsPlusBrainCov.df2<-CogsPlusBrainCov.df %>%
mutate(Age = scale(Age, scale=FALSE)/10,
Sex = recode(Sex,
"Female" = 0.5,
"Male" = -0.5),
BMI = scale(BMI, scale=FALSE)/5,
Race = recode(Race,
"White" = 0.5,
"Mixed" = -0.5,
"Black or Black British"= -0.5,
"Asian or Asian British"= -0.5),
Income = as.numeric(factor(Income,
levels = c("<18,000 GBP","18,000-30,999 GBP","31,000-51,999 GBP","52,000-100,000 GBP",">100,000 GBP"))),
Disability = recode(Disability,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Diabetes = recode(Diabetes,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
CVD_problems = recode(CVD_problems,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Cancer = recode(Cancer,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Other_medical_conditions = recode(Other_medical_conditions,
"Yes" = 1,
"No" = 0),
Alcohol = as.numeric(factor(Alcohol,
levels = c("Never","Previous drinker","Current drinker"))),
Smoking = as.numeric(factor(Smoking,
levels = c("Never", "Previous Smoker", "Current Smoker"))),
Population_density = as.numeric(factor(Population_density,
levels = c("Urban area", "Town", "Village, Hamlet, or Rural Area"))),
Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m/10,
Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_1000m/10,
Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt = Natural_environment_pcnt_300m/10,
Greenspace_300m_10pcnt = Greenspace_pcnt_300m/10,
Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2/1000,
Total_WMH_volume_T2_cm3 = Total_WMH_volume_T2/1000
)## Warning: There were 4 warnings in `mutate()`.
## The first warning was:
## ℹ In argument: `Diabetes = recode(Diabetes, Yes = 1, No = 0)`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! Unreplaced values treated as NA as `.x` is not compatible.
## Please specify replacements exhaustively or supply `.default`.
## ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 3 remaining warnings.detach(package:dplyr,unload=TRUE)## Warning: 'dplyr' namespace cannot be unloaded:
## namespace 'dplyr' is imported by 'tidyr', 'broom.helpers', 'broom', 'gt', 'gtsummary' so cannot be unloadedDefine function to get both model summary and confidence interval
summary_confint <- function(model) {
list(summary(model), confint(model))
}Define function for regression model assumption checks
# Install package for Durbin-Watson test
options(repos = c(CRAN = "https://cran.r-project.org"))
install.packages(c("lmtest", "gvlma"))##
## The downloaded binary packages are in
## /var/folders/4k/nmtv694x34xfs4q3zzfbb42c0000gn/T//RtmpMn7uoA/downloaded_packageslibrary("lmtest")## Loading required package: zoo##
## Attaching package: 'zoo'## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.Date, as.Date.numericlibrary("gvlma")
model_diagnostics <- function(model, bin_width=1) {
# Residuals vs. Fitted plot for linearity, normality, equivariance
# Normal Q-Q plot for normality
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot for influential outliers
plot(model, which = c(1,2,5))
# Histogram of residuals for normality
hist(residuals(model), breaks = seq(floor(min(residuals(model))), ceiling(max(residuals(model))), by = bin_width))
# Durbin-Watson test for independent errors
print(dwtest(model))
# Test skewness, kurtosis, equivariance
gvlma(model)
# Test multicollinearity among predictors (in interaction models) and among covariates?
#vif(model)
}5.1) 1000m buffer for natural environment percentage
5.1.1) Models for the association of natural environment with trail making test (B-A)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.826, -10.244, -2.518, 6.972, 176.386
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 28.03101
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.13556
## Age 4.20655
## Sex 0.11482
## BMI 0.14804
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.62606
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.52109
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.07579
## EducationNone of the above 10.33207
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.83526
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.61424
## Income -0.92886
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.74431
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.07472
## Age 0.23833
## Sex 0.34262
## BMI 0.19886
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50707
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05004
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90017
## EducationNone of the above 1.00489
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59534
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92460
## Income 0.16232
## t value
## (Intercept) 37.661
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.814
## Age 17.650
## Sex 0.335
## BMI 0.744
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.235
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.306
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.861
## EducationNone of the above 10.282
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.083
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.909
## Income -5.722
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.06967
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.73753
## BMI 0.45662
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.21698
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.68e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.17e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00206
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.32e-05
## Income 1.08e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06947, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06857
## F-statistic: 77.61 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model5b1 <- lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model5b1)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -135.169, -10.202, -2.522, 6.951, 175.454
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.319623
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.197120
## Age 4.104806
## Sex 0.264749
## BMI 0.186970
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.524792
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.177148
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.827414
## EducationNone of the above 9.856431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.704935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.547735
## Income -0.843623
## Average_time_outdoors 0.302325
## Summed_PA_min 0.003392
## Smoking 0.640837
## Disability -0.065834
## Deprivation_Index -0.037773
## Population_density 0.313549
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.956701
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.100993
## Age 0.240122
## Sex 0.345732
## BMI 0.201118
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507443
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052248
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900846
## EducationNone of the above 1.009772
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595634
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924042
## Income 0.164391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117249
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277485
## Disability 0.399969
## Deprivation_Index 0.011608
## Population_density 0.368474
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.511
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.952
## Age 17.095
## Sex 0.766
## BMI 0.930
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.034
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.970
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.579
## EducationNone of the above 9.761
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.862
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.839
## Income -5.132
## Average_time_outdoors 2.578
## Summed_PA_min 1.679
## Smoking 2.309
## Disability -0.165
## Deprivation_Index -3.254
## Population_density 0.851
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.050984
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.443832
## BMI 0.352571
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.301070
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.24e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.75e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004212
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000124
## Income 2.92e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009936
## Summed_PA_min 0.093248
## Smoking 0.020937
## Disability 0.869263
## Deprivation_Index 0.001141
## Population_density 0.394821
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07202, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07064
## F-statistic: 52.18 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model5b1,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.3950822 0.0008430974Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model5b1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9622, p-value = 0.02151
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 26.319623
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## -0.197120
## Age
## 4.104806
## Sex
## 0.264749
## BMI
## 0.186970
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -0.524792
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 4.177148
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 6.827414
## EducationNone of the above
## 9.856431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.704935
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 3.547735
## Income
## -0.843623
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.302325
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.003392
## Smoking
## 0.640837
## Disability
## -0.065834
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.037773
## Population_density
## 0.313549
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 33417.89 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 3888.10 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 29462.90 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 42.34 7.659e-11 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 24.54 7.270e-07 Assumptions NOT satisfied! # Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, minor heteroskedasticity
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no outliers of major concern
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal, maybe slight positive skew
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal and heteroskedastic5.1.2) Models for the association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution test
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.396, -2.478, 0.297, 2.805, 63.13
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.356208
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.070807
## Age -2.414212
## Sex 0.020358
## BMI 0.002831
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.310574
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.306249
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.894890
## EducationNone of the above -1.596697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.460649
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.144700
## Income 0.356857
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.181365
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.018207
## Age 0.058075
## Sex 0.083486
## BMI 0.048457
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123557
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255864
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219343
## EducationNone of the above 0.244862
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145066
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225297
## Income 0.039552
## t value
## (Intercept) 106.725
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.889
## Age -41.571
## Sex 0.244
## BMI 0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.514
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.105
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.080
## EducationNone of the above -6.521
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.175
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.081
## Income 9.022
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000101
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.807354
## BMI 0.953417
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.011963
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.36e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.54e-05
## EducationNone of the above 7.29e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001500
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.82e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.323 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1922, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1914
## F-statistic: 247.4 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model5b2 <- lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model5b2)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.823, -2.476, 0.287, 2.77, 63.417
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4024640
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1055849
## Age -2.3518928
## Sex -0.0683867
## BMI -0.0050795
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2697075
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1339993
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7894064
## EducationNone of the above -1.3717197
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3958102
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0853782
## Income 0.3084838
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1830629
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014703
## Smoking -0.1330314
## Disability -0.2396478
## Deprivation_Index -0.0013019
## Population_density -0.1532552
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2325660
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0245504
## Age 0.0583716
## Sex 0.0840445
## BMI 0.0488902
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233552
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2557926
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2189881
## EducationNone of the above 0.2454671
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1447935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2246268
## Income 0.0399619
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285023
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004912
## Smoking 0.0674543
## Disability 0.0972290
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028219
## Population_density 0.0895729
## t value
## (Intercept) 87.728
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.301
## Age -40.292
## Sex -0.814
## BMI -0.104
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.186
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.433
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.605
## EducationNone of the above -5.588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.734
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.832
## Income 7.719
## Average_time_outdoors -6.423
## Summed_PA_min -2.993
## Smoking -1.972
## Disability -2.465
## Deprivation_Index -0.461
## Population_density -1.711
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.72e-05
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.415836
## BMI 0.917254
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.028804
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.37e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000314
## EducationNone of the above 2.35e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006274
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.37e-06
## Income 1.27e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.39e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.002765
## Smoking 0.048614
## Disability 0.013724
## Deprivation_Index 0.644537
## Population_density 0.087117
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.308 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1982, Adjusted R-squared: 0.197
## F-statistic: 166.2 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model5b2,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05746182 0.1537079Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model * Note: change of natural environment variable (not divided into 10% increments)
mdl.3<-resid(lm(Symbol.Digit~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.4<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
Symbol.Digit.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.3,mdl.4))
Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.3<-Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.3 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Symbol.Digit)
Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.4<-Symbol.Digit.graph$mdl.4 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m)
ggplot(data = Symbol.Digit.graph, aes(x = mdl.4, y = mdl.3)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="Symbol Digit Substitution Test (correct matches)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
xlim(0,100) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 10 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model5b2)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9756, p-value = 0.09619
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 20.402464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.105585
## Age
## -2.351893
## Sex
## -0.068387
## BMI
## -0.005079
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 0.269708
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## -1.133999
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.789406
## EducationNone of the above
## -1.371720
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.395810
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## -1.085378
## Income
## 0.308484
## Average_time_outdoors
## -0.183063
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.001470
## Smoking
## -0.133031
## Disability
## -0.239648
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.001302
## Population_density
## -0.153255
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 1.441e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 2.055e+02 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 1.420e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 5.842e-02 0.8090 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 2.878e+00 0.0898 Assumptions acceptable. # Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew, 1 outlier
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: 1 clear outlier
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal, slight negative skew
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic5.2) 300m buffer for natural environment percentage
5.2.1) Association of natural environment with Trail-making Test (B-A) (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.634, -10.245, -2.541, 6.941, 176.355
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 27.70011
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.08815
## Age 4.19754
## Sex 0.12464
## BMI 0.14704
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.60437
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.52316
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.07816
## EducationNone of the above 10.34214
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.83311
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.60920
## Income -0.92597
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.69798
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.06834
## Age 0.23829
## Sex 0.34262
## BMI 0.19888
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50686
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05012
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90025
## EducationNone of the above 1.00495
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59540
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92468
## Income 0.16249
## t value
## (Intercept) 39.686
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.290
## Age 17.615
## Sex 0.364
## BMI 0.739
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.307
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.862
## EducationNone of the above 10.291
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.079
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.903
## Income -5.699
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.19713
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.71604
## BMI 0.45970
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.23314
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.67e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.11e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00208
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.55e-05
## Income 1.24e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06933, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06844
## F-statistic: 77.45 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.921, -10.238, -2.519, 6.92, 175.4
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.978405
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.120458
## Age 4.099085
## Sex 0.282044
## BMI 0.181500
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.491296
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.177054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.826067
## EducationNone of the above 9.862549
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.699130
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.542544
## Income -0.833782
## Average_time_outdoors 0.303022
## Summed_PA_min 0.003354
## Smoking 0.659077
## Disability -0.058995
## Deprivation_Index -0.037928
## Population_density 0.147731
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.935984
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.090910
## Age 0.240111
## Sex 0.345656
## BMI 0.201100
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507016
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900971
## EducationNone of the above 1.009887
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924137
## Income 0.164403
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117292
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277219
## Disability 0.400010
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.362945
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.755
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.325
## Age 17.072
## Sex 0.816
## BMI 0.903
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.969
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.969
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.576
## EducationNone of the above 9.766
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.852
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.833
## Income -5.072
## Average_time_outdoors 2.583
## Summed_PA_min 1.660
## Smoking 2.377
## Disability -0.147
## Deprivation_Index -3.267
## Population_density 0.407
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.185188
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.414536
## BMI 0.366791
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.332568
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.25e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.83e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004348
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000127
## Income 4.01e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009793
## Summed_PA_min 0.096930
## Smoking 0.017449
## Disability 0.882752
## Deprivation_Index 0.001090
## Population_density 0.683990
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07185, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07047
## F-statistic: 52.05 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.1437167009
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.2986579004
## Age 3.6284272059
## Sex -0.3955017096
## BMI -0.2126906106
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4851343887
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1142776700
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0600084976
## EducationNone of the above 7.8829969691
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5314426456
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7310764101
## Income -1.1560405779
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0731091691
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006063779
## Smoking 0.1156794342
## Disability -0.8430827522
## Deprivation_Index -0.0606834097
## Population_density -0.5637034118
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.813093252
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.057740941
## Age 4.569742935
## Sex 0.959589563
## BMI 0.575691568
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.502541554
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.239830157
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.592125397
## EducationNone of the above 11.842100826
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.866817616
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.354012098
## Income -0.511523401
## Average_time_outdoors 0.532935690
## Summed_PA_min 0.007314745
## Smoking 1.202474121
## Disability 0.725092504
## Deprivation_Index -0.015172380
## Population_density 0.859165814Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9623, p-value = 0.02181
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 25.978405
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## -0.120458
## Age
## 4.099085
## Sex
## 0.282044
## BMI
## 0.181500
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -0.491296
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 4.177054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 6.826067
## EducationNone of the above
## 9.862549
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.699130
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 3.542544
## Income
## -0.833782
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.303022
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.003354
## Smoking
## 0.659077
## Disability
## -0.058995
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.037928
## Population_density
## 0.147731
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 33392.58 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 3888.88 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 29436.47 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 42.87 5.843e-11 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 24.37 7.968e-07 Assumptions NOT satisfied! # Residuals vs. Fitted plot
# Normal Q-Q plot
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot
# Histogram of residuals
# Durbin-Watson test
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests 5.2.2) Association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.368, -2.485, 0.298, 2.814, 63.194
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.558084
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.037574
## Age -2.407839
## Sex 0.015427
## BMI 0.003275
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.298274
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.307168
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.895226
## EducationNone of the above -1.601994
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.458474
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.140415
## Income 0.356403
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.170139
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.016659
## Age 0.058085
## Sex 0.083517
## BMI 0.048478
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123552
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255976
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219444
## EducationNone of the above 0.244965
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145134
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225400
## Income 0.039609
## t value
## (Intercept) 114.954
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.255
## Age -41.454
## Sex 0.185
## BMI 0.068
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.414
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.107
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.080
## EducationNone of the above -6.540
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.159
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.060
## Income 8.998
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.02412
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.85346
## BMI 0.94613
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01579
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.33e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.54e-05
## EducationNone of the above 6.43e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.27e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.325 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1915, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1907
## F-statistic: 246.2 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.224583325
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.004919051
## Age -2.521695124
## Sex -0.148280440
## BMI -0.091749867
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.056091526
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.808924932
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.325373874
## EducationNone of the above -2.082167681
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.742961648
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.582237399
## Income 0.278762933
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.89158554
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.07022844
## Age -2.29398363
## Sex 0.17913388
## BMI 0.09830077
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.54045631
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.80541136
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.46507758
## EducationNone of the above -1.12182102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.17398583
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.69859263
## Income 0.43404344Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.747, -2.478, 0.28, 2.778, 63.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.5922670
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0488907
## Age -2.3482647
## Sex -0.0775818
## BMI -0.0015217
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2499582
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1334265
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7864392
## EducationNone of the above -1.3737571
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3905807
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0806146
## Income 0.3037178
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1828565
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014475
## Smoking -0.1446379
## Disability -0.2428538
## Deprivation_Index -0.0012142
## Population_density -0.0234249
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2276446
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0221106
## Age 0.0583983
## Sex 0.0840685
## BMI 0.0489105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233135
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559453
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191291
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456190
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247634
## Income 0.0399852
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285272
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004914
## Smoking 0.0674237
## Disability 0.0972881
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028235
## Population_density 0.0882734
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.458
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.211
## Age -40.211
## Sex -0.923
## BMI -0.031
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.428
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.589
## EducationNone of the above -5.593
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.696
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.808
## Income 7.596
## Average_time_outdoors -6.410
## Summed_PA_min -2.945
## Smoking -2.145
## Disability -2.496
## Deprivation_Index -0.430
## Population_density -0.265
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.027043
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.356110
## BMI 0.975180
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.042684
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.58e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000333
## EducationNone of the above 2.28e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007032
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 3.30e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.51e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003231
## Smoking 0.031957
## Disability 0.012566
## Deprivation_Index 0.667178
## Population_density 0.790732
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1973, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1961
## F-statistic: 165.2 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.146044589
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005550060
## Age -2.462735434
## Sex -0.242370614
## BMI -0.097394630
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.008242648
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.635123160
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.215969871
## EducationNone of the above -1.855212427
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.674578975
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.521189444
## Income 0.225339944
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238774691
## Summed_PA_min -0.002410728
## Smoking -0.276799925
## Disability -0.433555118
## Deprivation_Index -0.006748655
## Population_density -0.196455903
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.0384893392
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0922313452
## Age -2.2337940138
## Sex 0.0872069241
## BMI 0.0943511687
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.4916738067
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6317299123
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3569086279
## EducationNone of the above -0.8923018609
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1065824501
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6400397747
## Income 0.3820957202
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1269383186
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004841984
## Smoking -0.0124759455
## Disability -0.0521525133
## Deprivation_Index 0.0043202773
## Population_density 0.1496062014Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.975, p-value = 0.09067
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 20.592267
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.048891
## Age
## -2.348265
## Sex
## -0.077582
## BMI
## -0.001522
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 0.249958
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## -1.133427
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.786439
## EducationNone of the above
## -1.373757
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.390581
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## -1.080615
## Income
## 0.303718
## Average_time_outdoors
## -0.182857
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.001447
## Smoking
## -0.144638
## Disability
## -0.242854
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.001214
## Population_density
## -0.023425
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 1.449e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 2.038e+02 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 1.428e+04 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.566e-01 0.6923 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 2.701e+00 0.1003 Assumptions acceptable. # Residuals vs. Fitted plot
# Normal Q-Q plot
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot
# Histogram of residuals
# Durbin-Watson test
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests 6) Regression analyses examining the association of natural environment with brain volumes [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
6.1) 1000m natural environment buffer
6.1.1) Models for the association of natural environment with grey matter volume
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.318, -23.19, 0.448, 24.101, 175.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 790.8624
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4641
## Age -37.1380
## Sex 23.9513
## BMI -5.1650
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6259
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.7973
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6351
## EducationNone of the above 4.3272
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8282
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1696
## Income -0.3610
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.4890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1495
## Age 0.4768
## Sex 0.6854
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0144
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1007
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8008
## EducationNone of the above 2.0103
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1910
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8497
## Income 0.3247
## t value
## (Intercept) 531.128
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.105
## Age -77.891
## Sex 34.944
## BMI -12.983
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.603
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.284
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.463
## EducationNone of the above 2.152
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.695
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.254
## Income -1.112
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00191
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.10900
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.02241
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.14343
## EducationNone of the above 0.03138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.48686
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02420
## Income 0.26627
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4512
## F-statistic: 856.5 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b1 <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b1)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.628, -22.85, 0.206, 24.084, 178.535
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.025416
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.628654
## Age -36.894600
## Sex 23.666981
## BMI -4.977473
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.879776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.135803
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.976558
## EducationNone of the above 4.998400
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.003089
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.242883
## Income -0.425565
## Average_time_outdoors 0.212077
## Summed_PA_min -0.004426
## Smoking -5.094501
## Disability -1.301115
## Deprivation_Index -0.011229
## Population_density -1.396443
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.908767
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.201496
## Age 0.479081
## Sex 0.689788
## BMI 0.401262
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012428
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099398
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797328
## EducationNone of the above 2.014652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188382
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843607
## Income 0.327985
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233931
## Summed_PA_min 0.004031
## Smoking 0.553626
## Disability 0.797999
## Deprivation_Index 0.023160
## Population_density 0.735163
## t value
## (Intercept) 419.132
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.120
## Age -77.011
## Sex 34.310
## BMI -12.405
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.857
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.446
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.656
## EducationNone of the above 2.481
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.301
## Income -1.298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.907
## Summed_PA_min -1.098
## Smoking -9.202
## Disability -1.630
## Deprivation_Index -0.485
## Population_density -1.900
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00181
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06338
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.01445
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.09773
## EducationNone of the above 0.01311
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.39864
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02139
## Income 0.19448
## Average_time_outdoors 0.36465
## Summed_PA_min 0.27223
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.10303
## Deprivation_Index 0.62779
## Population_density 0.05752
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.36 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4562, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4554
## F-statistic: 564 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model6b1,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2336873 1.02362Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model
mdl.5b<-resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.6b<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
GMV.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.5b,mdl.6b))
GMV.graph$mdl.5b<-GMV.graph$mdl.5b + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
GMV.graph$mdl.6b<-GMV.graph$mdl.6b*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot(data = GMV.graph, aes(x = mdl.6b, y = mdl.5b)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,100)) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9859, p-value = 0.2251
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.025416
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.628654
## Age
## -36.894600
## Sex
## 23.666981
## BMI
## -4.977473
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.879776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.135803
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.976558
## EducationNone of the above
## 4.998400
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.003089
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.242883
## Income
## -0.425565
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.212077
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.004426
## Smoking
## -5.094501
## Disability
## -1.301115
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.011229
## Population_density
## -1.396443
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 30.7757 3.401e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 15.2524 9.406e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.3471 2.588e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.4514 2.283e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.7248 3.946e-01 Assumptions acceptable.6.1.2) Models for the association of natural environment with white matter volume
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.748, -26.214, -1.057, 24.481, 181.901
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 701.8448
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4815
## Age -17.3042
## Sex -9.3695
## BMI 0.3186
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.5582
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3366
## EducationNone of the above 3.6594
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7606
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2015
## Income -0.2742
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.6149
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1621
## Age 0.5171
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1002
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9531
## EducationNone of the above 2.1803
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2917
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0061
## Income 0.3522
## t value
## (Intercept) 434.604
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.970
## Age -33.464
## Sex -12.604
## BMI 0.738
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.325
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.429
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.172
## EducationNone of the above 1.678
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.589
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.599
## Income -0.779
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00298
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.46027
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02008
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.66795
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.86318
## EducationNone of the above 0.09330
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.55596
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.54922
## Income 0.43619
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1012, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 117.1 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b2 <- lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b2)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.551, -26.148, -1.205, 24.374, 179.13
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 703.760638
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.658567
## Age -17.223770
## Sex -9.422878
## BMI 0.416262
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.528885
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.918089
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.396864
## EducationNone of the above 3.604664
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.782634
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.232106
## Income -0.257224
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010163
## Summed_PA_min 0.002780
## Smoking -0.634877
## Disability -1.098450
## Deprivation_Index -0.036696
## Population_density -1.059536
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.077939
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.219354
## Age 0.521541
## Sex 0.750924
## BMI 0.436826
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102159
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285465
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956624
## EducationNone of the above 2.193208
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007004
## Income 0.357053
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254664
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602693
## Disability 0.868725
## Deprivation_Index 0.025213
## Population_density 0.800320
## t value
## (Intercept) 338.682
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.002
## Age -33.025
## Sex -12.548
## BMI 0.953
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.402
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.203
## EducationNone of the above 1.644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.605
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.614
## Income -0.720
## Average_time_outdoors 0.040
## Summed_PA_min 0.633
## Smoking -1.053
## Disability -1.264
## Deprivation_Index -1.455
## Population_density -1.324
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00269
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.34065
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02178
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.68791
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.83927
## EducationNone of the above 0.10030
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.54522
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53929
## Income 0.47129
## Average_time_outdoors 0.96817
## Summed_PA_min 0.52646
## Smoking 0.29218
## Disability 0.20610
## Deprivation_Index 0.14557
## Population_density 0.18557
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1018, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 76.19 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model6b2,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2285958 1.088539Line graph illustration of the full adjusted model
mdl.7b<-resid(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
mdl.8b<-resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
WMV.graph<-as.data.frame(cbind(mdl.7b,mdl.8b))
WMV.graph$mdl.7b<-WMV.graph$mdl.7b + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
WMV.graph$mdl.8b<-WMV.graph$mdl.8b*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.df2$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot(data = WMV.graph, aes(x = mdl.8b, y = mdl.7b)) +
labs(x="Natural Environment (%)", y="White Matter Volume (cm^3)") + geom_smooth(method= 'lm', se = TRUE, color= 'black') +
xlim(0,100) +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"))## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 10 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b2)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.984, p-value = 0.1965
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 703.76064
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.65857
## Age
## -17.22377
## Sex
## -9.42288
## BMI
## 0.41626
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.52889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.91809
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.39686
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.60466
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.78263
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.23211
## Income
## -0.25722
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.01016
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.00278
## Smoking
## -0.63488
## Disability
## -1.09845
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.03670
## Population_density
## -1.05954
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 186.949 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 102.417 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.172 1.887e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 17.711 2.571e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.649 5.609e-02 Assumptions acceptable.6.1.3) Models for the association of natural environment with hippocampal volume
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5853, -0.3092, 0.0243, 0.3412, 5.666
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.918e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -5.327e-04
## Age -2.187e-01
## Sex 2.823e-01
## BMI -1.664e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.581e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.497e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.706e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.102e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.594e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.574e-02
## Income 7.565e-05
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.205e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.213e-03
## Age 7.057e-03
## Sex 1.015e-02
## BMI 5.889e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.113e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.666e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.976e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.763e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.738e-02
## Income 4.808e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 223.093
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.241
## Age -30.989
## Sex 27.817
## BMI -2.825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.719
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.141
## EducationNone of the above 1.714
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.038
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.575
## Income 0.016
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.80976
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00473
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08569
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07744
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03231
## EducationNone of the above 0.08647
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.04155
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.56528
## Income 0.98745
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1636, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 203.3 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
model6b3 <- lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model6b3)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6122, -0.3096, 0.0245, 0.3388, 5.6423
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.896e-04
## Age -2.165e-01
## Sex 2.795e-01
## BMI -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.424e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.568e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.854e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.395e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.685e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.607e-02
## Income -3.824e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.398e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.130e-05
## Smoking -3.773e-02
## Disability -2.216e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.731e-05
## Population_density -9.701e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.834e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.991e-03
## Age 7.111e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.957e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.219e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.091e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 175.697
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.130
## Age -30.442
## Sex 27.291
## BMI -2.291
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.613
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.785
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.194
## EducationNone of the above 1.804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.088
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010
## Summed_PA_min 1.024
## Smoking -4.591
## Disability -1.870
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density -0.889
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8964
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0220
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1069
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0282
## EducationNone of the above 0.0713
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0368
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5572
## Income 0.9374
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9922
## Summed_PA_min 0.3057
## Smoking 4.45e-06
## Disability 0.0615
## Deprivation_Index 0.8448
## Population_density 0.3741
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model6b3,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.005474223 0.006253357Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model6b3)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0355, p-value = 0.9711
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 3.896e-04
## Age
## -2.165e-01
## Sex
## 2.795e-01
## BMI
## -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.424e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.568e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.854e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.395e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.685e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.607e-02
## Income
## -3.824e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 3.398e-05
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.130e-05
## Smoking
## -3.773e-02
## Disability
## -2.216e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.731e-05
## Population_density
## -9.701e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4069.302 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 153.617 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3816.295 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 96.461 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.928 0.08703 Assumptions acceptable.6.2) 300m natural environment buffer
6.2.1) Association of natural environment with grey matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.538, -23.2, 0.358, 24.174, 175.844
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.4841
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4509
## Age -37.1365
## Sex 23.9143
## BMI -5.1602
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6831
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.7873
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6110
## EducationNone of the above 4.2934
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8169
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1578
## Income -0.3895
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.3962
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1367
## Age 0.4766
## Sex 0.6853
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0139
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1006
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8008
## EducationNone of the above 2.0102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1910
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8496
## Income 0.3250
## t value
## (Intercept) 566.898
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.298
## Age -77.912
## Sex 34.894
## BMI -12.971
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.660
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.279
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.450
## EducationNone of the above 2.136
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.686
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.248
## Income -1.198
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000975
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.096920
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.022681
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.147096
## EducationNone of the above 0.032716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.492800
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.024604
## Income 0.230855
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4518, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4513
## F-statistic: 856.7 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.7474049
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1829441
## Age -38.0708514
## Sex 22.5709135
## BMI -5.9399960
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.6705015
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6698730
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9187698
## EducationNone of the above 0.3530722
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.5176497
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5321318
## Income -1.0265820
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 794.2208620
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.7188766
## Age -36.2022383
## Sex 25.2576936
## BMI -4.3804299
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3042227
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.9047608
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.1408691
## EducationNone of the above 8.2337300
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.1513973
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.7833695
## Income 0.2476585Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.866, -22.744, 0.316, 24.037, 178.929
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.997655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.641913
## Age -36.885647
## Sex 23.610690
## BMI -4.970383
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.956796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.127485
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.943823
## EducationNone of the above 4.958456
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.986644
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.226740
## Income -0.465277
## Average_time_outdoors 0.200294
## Summed_PA_min -0.004351
## Smoking -5.122386
## Disability -1.330463
## Deprivation_Index -0.010816
## Population_density -1.543862
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.867036
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.181341
## Age 0.478956
## Sex 0.689492
## BMI 0.401141
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011361
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099146
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797196
## EducationNone of the above 2.014454
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188275
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843406
## Income 0.327940
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233967
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.552978
## Disability 0.797912
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.723978
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.021
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.540
## Age -77.013
## Sex 34.244
## BMI -12.391
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.935
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.638
## EducationNone of the above 2.461
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.830
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.293
## Income -1.419
## Average_time_outdoors 0.856
## Summed_PA_min -1.080
## Smoking -9.263
## Disability -1.667
## Deprivation_Index -0.467
## Population_density -2.132
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000402
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.053038
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014595
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.101447
## EducationNone of the above 0.013853
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.406377
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.021872
## Income 0.155989
## Average_time_outdoors 0.391973
## Summed_PA_min 0.280344
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.095456
## Deprivation_Index 0.640455
## Population_density 0.032989
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4563, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 564.3 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.33794354
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.28645337
## Age -37.82448336
## Sex 22.25916829
## BMI -5.75668887
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.93923688
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.01279946
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.57899017
## EducationNone of the above 1.00977997
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.34257941
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.61334731
## Income -1.10809623
## Average_time_outdoors -0.25832174
## Summed_PA_min -0.01225146
## Smoking -6.20631783
## Disability -2.89450743
## Deprivation_Index -0.05620709
## Population_density -2.96298351
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.657366460
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.997373549
## Age -35.946810725
## Sex 24.962212248
## BMI -4.184077687
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025643979
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.242171134
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.466636534
## EducationNone of the above 8.907131232
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.315867843
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.840133158
## Income 0.177542826
## Average_time_outdoors 0.658908951
## Summed_PA_min 0.003549058
## Smoking -4.038453660
## Disability 0.233581982
## Deprivation_Index 0.034575219
## Population_density -0.1247406996.2.2) Association of natural environment with white matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -145.156, -26.231, -1.177, 24.439, 182.876
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.7117
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4031
## Age -17.2899
## Sex -9.4064
## BMI 0.3230
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.6249
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9683
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3546
## EducationNone of the above 3.6240
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7643
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2019
## Income -0.2957
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.5144
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1483
## Age 0.5170
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0997
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9532
## EducationNone of the above 2.1804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2918
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0062
## Income 0.3526
## t value
## (Intercept) 464.027
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.719
## Age -33.443
## Sex -12.654
## BMI 0.748
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.387
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.425
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.182
## EducationNone of the above 1.662
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.592
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.599
## Income -0.839
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00657
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.45419
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01701
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.67087
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.85595
## EducationNone of the above 0.09652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.55412
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.54913
## Income 0.40165
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1011, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 116.9 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.7432902
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1124612
## Age -18.3033106
## Sex -10.8635229
## BMI -0.5228425
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.7805588
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.4977996
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.1832645
## EducationNone of the above -0.6499048
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.2964373
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.7306798
## Income -0.9867529
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 705.6801661
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.6937692
## Age -16.2764884
## Sex -7.9492624
## BMI 1.1687666
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.4693083
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.4343080
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.4740898
## EducationNone of the above 7.8979813
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.7679219
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.1344955
## Income 0.3953731Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.379, -26.121, -1.189, 24.349, 180.518
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.844502
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.527191
## Age -17.209154
## Sex -9.481208
## BMI 0.429525
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.626369
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.914232
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.410286
## EducationNone of the above 3.574336
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.780159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.233623
## Income -0.294132
## Average_time_outdoors 0.003207
## Summed_PA_min 0.002884
## Smoking -0.681158
## Disability -1.124946
## Deprivation_Index -0.036218
## Population_density -0.832837
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.032926
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.197454
## Age 0.521512
## Sex 0.750754
## BMI 0.436783
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101222
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285658
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956880
## EducationNone of the above 2.193442
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293856
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007196
## Income 0.357078
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254755
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602111
## Disability 0.868808
## Deprivation_Index 0.025214
## Population_density 0.788305
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.714
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.670
## Age -32.999
## Sex -12.629
## BMI 0.983
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.385
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.400
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.210
## EducationNone of the above 1.630
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.603
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.615
## Income -0.824
## Average_time_outdoors 0.013
## Summed_PA_min 0.657
## Smoking -1.131
## Disability -1.295
## Deprivation_Index -1.436
## Population_density -1.056
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0076
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.3254
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0171
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6892
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8339
## EducationNone of the above 0.1032
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5465
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5388
## Income 0.4101
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9900
## Summed_PA_min 0.5111
## Smoking 0.2580
## Disability 0.1954
## Deprivation_Index 0.1509
## Population_density 0.2908
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1016, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 76.06 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.859619398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.140148072
## Age -18.231407024
## Sex -10.952814669
## BMI -0.426645120
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.784952166
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.566050924
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.246107547
## EducationNone of the above -0.725185743
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.316337824
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.700825555
## Income -0.994066799
## Average_time_outdoors -0.496156834
## Summed_PA_min -0.005718573
## Smoking -1.861398764
## Disability -2.827958778
## Deprivation_Index -0.085642002
## Population_density -2.378049620
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.82938523
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.91423470
## Age -16.18690005
## Sex -8.00960075
## BMI 1.28569518
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.46778504
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.39451412
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.42553482
## EducationNone of the above 7.87385832
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.75602022
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.16807224
## Income 0.40580343
## Average_time_outdoors 0.50257133
## Summed_PA_min 0.01148585
## Smoking 0.49908374
## Disability 0.57806658
## Deprivation_Index 0.01320646
## Population_density 0.712375796.2.3) Association of natural environment with hippocampal volume (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5795, -0.3098, 0.0253, 0.3412, 5.6671
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.925960
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002969
## Age -0.218217
## Sex 0.282361
## BMI -0.016669
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025593
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.055049
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.057351
## EducationNone of the above 0.051043
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.036259
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.016234
## Income 0.000414
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.020670
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.002024
## Age 0.007055
## Sex 0.010146
## BMI 0.005889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.015010
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.031125
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.026653
## EducationNone of the above 0.029753
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.017631
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.027377
## Income 0.004812
## t value
## (Intercept) 238.316
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.467
## Age -30.932
## Sex 27.831
## BMI -2.831
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.705
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.769
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.152
## EducationNone of the above 1.716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.057
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.593
## Income 0.086
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.14238
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00465
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08821
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07699
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03144
## EducationNone of the above 0.08627
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.03975
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.55320
## Income 0.93144
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1638, Adjusted R-squared: 0.163
## F-statistic: 203.5 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.885443256
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006936443
## Age -0.232044973
## Sex 0.262473576
## BMI -0.028212230
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.003828970
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.005962656
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.005105895
## EducationNone of the above -0.007277138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001698942
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.037428937
## Income -0.009018099
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9664762710
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0009979185
## Age -0.2043884244
## Sex 0.3022474005
## BMI -0.0051258929
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0550148893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1160596535
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1095956268
## EducationNone of the above 0.1093639950
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0708190109
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0698971286
## Income 0.0098460817Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5991, -0.3084, 0.0237, 0.339, 5.6486
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.764e-03
## Age -2.163e-01
## Sex 2.795e-01
## BMI -1.348e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.371e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.584e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.912e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.426e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.740e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.658e-02
## Income -2.716e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 1.800e-04
## Summed_PA_min 6.209e-05
## Smoking -3.824e-02
## Disability -2.207e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.865e-05
## Population_density 1.128e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.772e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.693e-03
## Age 7.110e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.119e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.210e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.075e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.709
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.398
## Age -30.427
## Sex 27.300
## BMI -2.263
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.579
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.790
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.216
## EducationNone of the above 1.814
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.120
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.606
## Income -0.056
## Average_time_outdoors 0.052
## Summed_PA_min 1.038
## Smoking -4.658
## Disability -1.862
## Deprivation_Index 0.200
## Population_density 0.105
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1623
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0237
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1145
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0735
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0267
## EducationNone of the above 0.0697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0340
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5445
## Income 0.9555
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9587
## Summed_PA_min 0.2994
## Smoking 3.24e-06
## Disability 0.0626
## Deprivation_Index 0.8417
## Population_density 0.9164
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1657, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1645
## F-statistic: 133.5 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.927525e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -9.043970e-03
## Age -2.302702e-01
## Sex 2.593975e-01
## BMI -2.515004e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.730541e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.303798e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.825916e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.361357e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.818960e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.705681e-02
## Income -9.816070e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.628189e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.519224e-05
## Smoking -5.432889e-02
## Disability -4.529470e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.052647e-04
## Population_density -1.994372e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0362045608
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0015152103
## Age -0.2023972454
## Sex 0.2995292948
## BMI -0.0018016983
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0531421754
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1169912825
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1114172943
## EducationNone of the above 0.1128730690
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0719866585
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0702247239
## Income 0.0092728984
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0069881155
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001793693
## Smoking -0.0221444757
## Disability 0.0011595122
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007425678
## Population_density 0.0222005704Model assumption checks
#grey matter
model_diagnostics(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9863, p-value = 0.2322
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.997655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.641913
## Age
## -36.885647
## Sex
## 23.610690
## BMI
## -4.970383
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.956796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.127485
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.943823
## EducationNone of the above
## 4.958456
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 0.986644
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.226740
## Income
## -0.465277
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.200294
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.004351
## Smoking
## -5.122386
## Disability
## -1.330463
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.010816
## Population_density
## -1.543862
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 30.4678 3.930e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 14.4105 1.470e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.9797 1.848e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.2945 2.552e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.7831 3.762e-01 Assumptions acceptable.#white matter
model_diagnostics(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9842, p-value = 0.1993
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 704.844502
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## 0.527191
## Age
## -17.209154
## Sex
## -9.481208
## BMI
## 0.429525
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.626369
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.914232
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.410286
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.574336
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.780159
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.233623
## Income
## -0.294132
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.003207
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.002884
## Smoking
## -0.681158
## Disability
## -1.124946
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.036218
## Population_density
## -0.832837
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 189.044 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 104.573 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.771 1.443e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 17.241 3.292e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.459 6.290e-02 Assumptions acceptable.#HPC
model_diagnostics(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0353, p-value = 0.9704
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## -3.764e-03
## Age
## -2.163e-01
## Sex
## 2.795e-01
## BMI
## -1.348e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.371e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.584e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.912e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.426e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.740e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.658e-02
## Income
## -2.716e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 1.800e-04
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.209e-05
## Smoking
## -3.824e-02
## Disability
## -2.207e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.865e-05
## Population_density
## 1.128e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4064.469 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 152.624 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3815.380 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 93.681 0.0000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.784 0.0952 Assumptions acceptable.7) Moderation by sex for cognitive function [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
7.1) 1000m natural environment buffer
7.1.1) Trails B-A (not significant)
model7trail <- lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model7trail)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.947, -10.193, -2.533, 6.958, 175.573
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.323391
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.199179
## Sex -0.418222
## Age 4.106698
## BMI 0.186647
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.520533
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.188585
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.839147
## EducationNone of the above 9.842178
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.702775
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.543078
## Income -0.843554
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304832
## Summed_PA_min 0.003395
## Smoking 0.641003
## Disability -0.065044
## Deprivation_Index -0.037795
## Population_density 0.314296
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.144118
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.956712
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.101015
## Sex 0.785551
## Age 0.240131
## BMI 0.201119
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507464
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052317
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900930
## EducationNone of the above 1.009882
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595640
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924057
## Income 0.164391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117278
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277486
## Disability 0.399970
## Deprivation_Index 0.011608
## Population_density 0.368476
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.148847
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.514
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.972
## Sex -0.532
## Age 17.102
## BMI 0.928
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.026
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.980
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.591
## EducationNone of the above 9.746
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.859
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.834
## Income -5.131
## Average_time_outdoors 2.599
## Summed_PA_min 1.680
## Smoking 2.310
## Disability -0.163
## Deprivation_Index -3.256
## Population_density 0.853
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.968
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.048659
## Sex 0.594464
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.353405
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305029
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.92e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.42e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004261
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000127
## Income 2.92e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009356
## Summed_PA_min 0.092944
## Smoking 0.020904
## Disability 0.870819
## Deprivation_Index 0.001134
## Population_density 0.393698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332949
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07209, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07063
## F-statistic: 49.33 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model7trail,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.1476466 0.4358827Model assumption checks
#model_diagnostics(model7tmt)7.1.2) Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
model7sds <- lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model7sds)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.822, -2.468, 0.289, 2.766, 63.403
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4031173
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1052277
## Sex -0.1868042
## Age -2.3515649
## BMI -0.0051354
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2704460
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1320161
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7873720
## EducationNone of the above -1.3741910
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3961848
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0861857
## Income 0.3084956
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1826282
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014697
## Smoking -0.1330025
## Disability -0.2395108
## Deprivation_Index -0.0013057
## Population_density -0.1531256
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0249880
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2325732
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0245564
## Sex 0.1909647
## Age 0.0583749
## BMI 0.0488914
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233626
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2558145
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2190130
## EducationNone of the above 0.2454988
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1447978
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2246350
## Income 0.0399629
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285099
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004912
## Smoking 0.0674559
## Disability 0.0972314
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028219
## Population_density 0.0895752
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0361841
## t value
## (Intercept) 87.728
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.285
## Sex -0.978
## Age -40.284
## BMI -0.105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.425
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.595
## EducationNone of the above -5.598
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.736
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.835
## Income 7.720
## Average_time_outdoors -6.406
## Summed_PA_min -2.992
## Smoking -1.972
## Disability -2.463
## Deprivation_Index -0.463
## Population_density -1.709
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.691
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.84e-05
## Sex 0.327990
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.916348
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.028379
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.73e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000326
## EducationNone of the above 2.22e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006226
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.35e-06
## Income 1.26e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.55e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.002775
## Smoking 0.048668
## Disability 0.013781
## Deprivation_Index 0.643593
## Population_density 0.087392
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.489843
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.308 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1983, Adjusted R-squared: 0.197
## F-statistic: 157 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model7sds,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.04593893 0.09591497Model assumption checks
#model_diagnostics(model7sds)7.2) 300m nature exposure buffer
7.2.1) Moderation by sex: association of natural environment with TMT (B-A) (*significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.563, -10.252, -2.549, 6.932, 175.87
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.979201
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.125001
## Sex -0.786552
## Age 4.095653
## BMI 0.183680
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.485905
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.186310
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.849535
## EducationNone of the above 9.841279
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.698377
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.520665
## Income -0.833488
## Average_time_outdoors 0.310283
## Summed_PA_min 0.003308
## Smoking 0.654881
## Disability -0.056675
## Deprivation_Index -0.037861
## Population_density 0.154172
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.283523
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.935847
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.090923
## Sex 0.619035
## Age 0.240081
## BMI 0.201074
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.506949
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052201
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900911
## EducationNone of the above 1.009792
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595620
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924063
## Income 0.164379
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117327
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277186
## Disability 0.399953
## Deprivation_Index 0.011607
## Population_density 0.362905
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.136264
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.760
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.375
## Sex -1.271
## Age 17.059
## BMI 0.913
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.958
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.979
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.603
## EducationNone of the above 9.746
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.851
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.810
## Income -5.071
## Average_time_outdoors 2.645
## Summed_PA_min 1.637
## Smoking 2.363
## Disability -0.142
## Deprivation_Index -3.262
## Population_density 0.425
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.081
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.16922
## Sex 0.20389
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.36100
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.33784
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.97e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.12e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00436
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.00014
## Income 4.03e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.00819
## Summed_PA_min 0.10163
## Smoking 0.01816
## Disability 0.88732
## Deprivation_Index 0.00111
## Population_density 0.67097
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03748
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0722, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07074
## F-statistic: 49.41 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.1447797775
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.3032261089
## Sex -1.9999676189
## Age 3.6250528801
## BMI -0.2104588585
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4796116165
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1238160655
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0835953873
## EducationNone of the above 7.8619134777
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5308597553
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7093441169
## Income -1.1557000319
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0803012817
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006526112
## Smoking 0.1115487721
## Disability -0.8406517644
## Deprivation_Index -0.0606133275
## Population_density -0.5571846656
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0164229030
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.813622385
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.053223621
## Sex 0.426862735
## Age 4.566253766
## BMI 0.577819233
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507800884
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.248804754
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.615474824
## EducationNone of the above 11.820643764
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.865895133
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.331986865
## Income -0.511276457
## Average_time_outdoors 0.540264319
## Summed_PA_min 0.007267844
## Smoking 1.198213976
## Disability 0.727301263
## Deprivation_Index -0.015108750
## Population_density 0.865529156
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.550623071TMT B-A: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#stratify sample by sex
CogsBrainCov.F <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2,Sex==0.5)
CogsBrainCov.M <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2,Sex==-0.5)
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM2 <- lm(Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary_confint(lmM2)## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -100.765, -10.01, -2.395, 7.066, 122.049
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.604009
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.318386
## Summed_PA_min 0.002904
## Age 4.032731
## BMI 0.932547
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.210591
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.708798
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.545591
## EducationNone of the above 14.240131
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.506636
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.385367
## Income -1.048052
## Average_time_outdoors 0.307734
## Smoking 0.452331
## Disability -0.158264
## Deprivation_Index -0.042813
## Population_density 0.471765
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.318664
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.125076
## Summed_PA_min 0.002746
## Age 0.323030
## BMI 0.304325
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.720339
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.436915
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.098616
## EducationNone of the above 1.331867
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.854075
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.435968
## Income 0.230480
## Average_time_outdoors 0.147083
## Smoking 0.369502
## Disability 0.528191
## Deprivation_Index 0.015960
## Population_density 0.494883
## t value
## (Intercept) 20.175
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -2.546
## Summed_PA_min 1.058
## Age 12.484
## BMI 3.064
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.292
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.669
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.868
## EducationNone of the above 10.692
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.935
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.750
## Income -4.547
## Average_time_outdoors 2.092
## Smoking 1.224
## Disability -0.300
## Deprivation_Index -2.683
## Population_density 0.953
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.010937
## Summed_PA_min 0.290327
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.002192
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.770030
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.10e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.20e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.003350
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000178
## Income 5.55e-06
## Average_time_outdoors 0.036461
## Smoking 0.220942
## Disability 0.764467
## Deprivation_Index 0.007327
## Population_density 0.340486
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 16.98 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.108, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1054
## F-statistic: 42.71 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.01892153
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.56358177
## Summed_PA_min -0.00247921
## Age 3.39946745
## BMI 0.33595361
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.62273213
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.89189208
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.39188163
## EducationNone of the above 11.62915987
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.83232049
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.57031842
## Income -1.49988094
## Average_time_outdoors 0.01939503
## Smoking -0.27203599
## Disability -1.19372179
## Deprivation_Index -0.07410068
## Population_density -0.49839625
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.189097310
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.073189271
## Summed_PA_min 0.008286794
## Age 4.665994618
## BMI 1.529140365
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.201550019
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.525704556
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.699300089
## EducationNone of the above 16.851103111
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.180952417
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.200414998
## Income -0.596223823
## Average_time_outdoors 0.596073794
## Smoking 1.176697710
## Disability 0.877192863
## Deprivation_Index -0.011525929
## Population_density 1.441926030#Females
lmF2 <- lm(Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary_confint(lmF2)## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.619, -10.417, -2.605, 6.997, 176.702
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.731272
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.064483
## Summed_PA_min 0.003181
## Age 4.241502
## BMI -0.290596
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.603473
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.630462
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.131838
## EducationNone of the above 4.474410
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.081170
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.394519
## Income -0.685553
## Average_time_outdoors 0.177884
## Smoking 0.788701
## Disability -0.020455
## Deprivation_Index -0.030232
## Population_density -0.097027
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.325808
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.131415
## Summed_PA_min 0.002957
## Age 0.356154
## BMI 0.270126
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.713106
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.535443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.605106
## EducationNone of the above 1.538805
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.830671
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.221032
## Income 0.233621
## Average_time_outdoors 0.191032
## Smoking 0.414213
## Disability 0.603078
## Deprivation_Index 0.016811
## Population_density 0.529322
## t value
## (Intercept) 19.408
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.491
## Summed_PA_min 1.076
## Age 11.909
## BMI -1.076
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.846
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.062
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.820
## EducationNone of the above 2.908
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.302
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.961
## Income -2.934
## Average_time_outdoors 0.931
## Smoking 1.904
## Disability -0.034
## Deprivation_Index -1.798
## Population_density -0.183
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.623668
## Summed_PA_min 0.282137
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.282071
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.397442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.288333
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000135
## EducationNone of the above 0.003655
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.193118
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.049920
## Income 0.003354
## Average_time_outdoors 0.351803
## Smoking 0.056948
## Disability 0.972944
## Deprivation_Index 0.072173
## Population_density 0.854565
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above **
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income **
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 18.37 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04425
## F-statistic: 17.74 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 23.1321899257
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.1931387691
## Summed_PA_min -0.0026163016
## Age 3.5433061904
## BMI -0.8201446508
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.0014278498
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.3795830872
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.9852277079
## EducationNone of the above 1.4577743303
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.5472567628
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0008379507
## Income -1.1435373222
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1966099552
## Smoking -0.0233122434
## Disability -1.2027132458
## Deprivation_Index -0.0631883660
## Population_density -1.1346964556
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.330353901
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.322105049
## Summed_PA_min 0.008977854
## Age 4.939697279
## BMI 0.238952273
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.794481458
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.640507470
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.278448987
## EducationNone of the above 7.491045453
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.709595841
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.788200615
## Income -0.227569199
## Average_time_outdoors 0.552377079
## Smoking 1.600714936
## Disability 1.161803538
## Deprivation_Index 0.002723739
## Population_density 0.940641847#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta2 <- summary(lmF2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se2 <- summary(lmF2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta2 <- summary(lmM2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se2 <- summary(lmM2)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.tmt <- (M.beta2 - F.beta2) / sqrt(M.se2^2 + F.se2^2)
p.nat.tmt <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.tmt)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.tmt## [1] -2.110384p.nat.tmt## [1] 0.9825873Model assumption checks
#model_diagnostics(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))7.2.2) Moderation by sex: association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.747, -2.478, 0.278, 2.778, 63.542
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.5922627
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0489153
## Sex -0.0718062
## Age -2.3482462
## BMI -0.0015335
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2499291
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1334766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7865661
## EducationNone of the above -1.3736422
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3905766
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0804964
## Income 0.3037162
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1828957
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014472
## Smoking -0.1446153
## Disability -0.2428664
## Deprivation_Index -0.0012146
## Population_density -0.0234597
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0015324
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2276545
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0221180
## Sex 0.1505867
## Age 0.0584022
## BMI 0.0489133
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233205
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559587
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191558
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456423
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448907
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247878
## Income 0.0399870
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285411
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004915
## Smoking 0.0674284
## Disability 0.0972927
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028236
## Population_density 0.0882805
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0331475
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.454
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.212
## Sex -0.477
## Age -40.208
## BMI -0.031
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.428
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.589
## EducationNone of the above -5.592
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.696
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.807
## Income 7.595
## Average_time_outdoors -6.408
## Summed_PA_min -2.945
## Smoking -2.145
## Disability -2.496
## Deprivation_Index -0.430
## Population_density -0.266
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.046
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.027017
## Sex 0.633483
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.974990
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.042720
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.58e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000333
## EducationNone of the above 2.30e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007035
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 3.31e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.53e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003240
## Smoking 0.031996
## Disability 0.012566
## Deprivation_Index 0.667100
## Population_density 0.790444
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.963128
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1973, Adjusted R-squared: 0.196
## F-statistic: 156 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.146020766
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005560220
## Sex -0.366981988
## Age -2.462724586
## BMI -0.097411898
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.008199798
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.635199581
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.216149136
## EducationNone of the above -1.855143160
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.674587360
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.521118957
## Income 0.225334905
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238841122
## Summed_PA_min -0.002410578
## Smoking -0.276786517
## Disability -0.433576724
## Deprivation_Index -0.006749279
## Population_density -0.196504566
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.066507250
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.0385045572
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0922702917
## Sex 0.2233695172
## Age -2.2337677661
## BMI 0.0943448750
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.4916583801
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6317535521
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3569830476
## EducationNone of the above -0.8921412019
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1065659293
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6398737579
## Income 0.3820975837
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1269503706
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004838455
## Smoking -0.0124440023
## Disability -0.0521559842
## Deprivation_Index 0.0043201788
## Population_density 0.1495852393
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0634424483Model assumption checks
#model_diagnostics(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))8) Moderation by sex for for brain structure [cognitive+brain+covariate subset]
8.1) 1000m natural environment buffer
8.1.1) Grey Matter (SIGNIFICANT)
model8gm <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8gm)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -171.869, -22.885, 0.231, 23.986, 178.833
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.008817
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.637728
## Sex 26.675783
## Age -36.902933
## BMI -4.976051
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.898539
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.085414
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.924866
## EducationNone of the above 5.061193
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.012607
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.263401
## Income -0.425866
## Average_time_outdoors 0.201033
## Summed_PA_min -0.004440
## Smoking -5.095234
## Disability -1.304596
## Deprivation_Index -0.011134
## Population_density -1.399736
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.634907
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.908485
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.201509
## Sex 1.567047
## Age 0.479022
## BMI 0.401200
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012308
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099202
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.797210
## EducationNone of the above 2.014551
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188204
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843344
## Income 0.327933
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233951
## Summed_PA_min 0.004031
## Smoking 0.553540
## Disability 0.797876
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.735050
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.296925
## t value
## (Intercept) 419.185
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.165
## Sex 17.023
## Age -77.038
## BMI -12.403
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.875
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.423
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.627
## EducationNone of the above 2.512
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.852
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.313
## Income -1.299
## Average_time_outdoors 0.859
## Summed_PA_min -1.102
## Smoking -9.205
## Disability -1.635
## Deprivation_Index -0.481
## Population_density -1.904
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -2.138
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00156
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06076
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.01543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.10367
## EducationNone of the above 0.01201
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.39411
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.02075
## Income 0.19409
## Average_time_outdoors 0.39020
## Summed_PA_min 0.27065
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.10206
## Deprivation_Index 0.63066
## Population_density 0.05690
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03252
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4564, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 533.1 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model8gm,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.21693 -0.05288327Grey Matter Graph (no error bars)
#maybe replace this with lmM (2 chunks below), depending on the purpose of scaling
Males.reg.mean<-lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors, TRUE) +
scale(Summed_PA_min, TRUE) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index, TRUE) + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
Males.b0 <- round(Males.reg.mean$coeff[1], digits = 3)
Males.slope <- round(Males.reg.mean$coeff[2], digits = 3)
Males.ci <- predict(Males.reg.mean, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
Females.reg.mean<-lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors, TRUE) +
scale(Summed_PA_min, TRUE) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index, TRUE) + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
Females.b0 <- round(Females.reg.mean$coeff[1], digits = 3)
Females.slope <- round(Females.reg.mean$coeff[2], digits = 3)
Females.ci <- predict(Females.reg.mean, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
ggplot() +
#add data points but make colour white so invisible
#(deleting the points also prevents regression lines from being visible)
geom_point(data = CogsBrainCov.df2, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3), shape = 20, size = 0, color = "White") +
#add regression lines for each sex
geom_abline(aes(intercept= Males.b0, slope = Males.slope, color= "Males"), size = 1) +
geom_abline(aes(intercept = Females.b0, slope = Females.slope, color= "Females"), size = 1) +
#add confidence intervals around regression lines for each sex
#geom_ribbon(aes(x = CogsBrainCov.M$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = Males.ci[, "lwr"], ymax = Males.ci[,"upr"]), alpha = 0.3) +
#geom_ribbon(aes(x = CogsBrainCov.F$Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = Females.ci[, "lwr"], ymax = Females.ci[,"upr"]), alpha = 0.3) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
guides(color = guide_legend((title = "Sex"))) + xlab("Natural Environment (%)") +
ylab("Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)") + theme_bw() + theme(panel.border = element_blank(), panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.line = element_line(colour = "black")) +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,100),ylim=c(780,820))## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Attempt to add error bands to regression lines
# Ensure Education is a factor
CogsBrainCov.M$Education <- as.factor(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)
CogsBrainCov.F$Education <- as.factor(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)
# Ensure Age and BMI are numeric
CogsBrainCov.M$Age <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.M$Age)
CogsBrainCov.M$BMI <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.M$BMI)
CogsBrainCov.F$Age <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.F$Age)
CogsBrainCov.F$BMI <- as.numeric(CogsBrainCov.F$BMI)
# Fit the linear regression model
Males.reg.mean <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors) + scale(Summed_PA_min) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index) + Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.M)
Females.reg.mean <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m + Age + BMI + Education + Income + scale(Average_time_outdoors) + scale(Summed_PA_min) + Smoking + Disability + scale(Deprivation_Index) + Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.F)
# Create new data frame for prediction
new_data_M <- data.frame(
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = c(1:100),
Age = rep(0, 100),
BMI = rep(0, 100),
Education = factor(rep(levels(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)[1], 100), levels = levels(CogsBrainCov.M$Education)),
Income = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Income, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Average_time_outdoors = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Average_time_outdoors, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Summed_PA_min = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Summed_PA_min, 100), 100),
Smoking = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Smoking, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Disability = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Disability, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Deprivation_Index = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Deprivation_Index, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Population_density = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Population_density, na.rm = TRUE), 100)
)
new_data_F <- data.frame(
Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m = c(1:100),
Age = rep(0, 100),
BMI = rep(0, 100),
Education = factor(rep(levels(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)[1], 100), levels = levels(CogsBrainCov.F$Education)),
Income = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Income, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Average_time_outdoors = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Average_time_outdoors, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Summed_PA_min = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Summed_PA_min, 100), 100),
Smoking = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Smoking, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Disability = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Disability, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Deprivation_Index = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Deprivation_Index, na.rm = TRUE), 100),
Population_density = rep(mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Population_density, na.rm = TRUE), 100)
)
# Ensure that all variables are of the correct type
new_data_M$Age <- as.numeric(new_data_M$Age)
new_data_M$BMI <- as.numeric(new_data_M$BMI)
new_data_F$Age <- as.numeric(new_data_F$Age)
new_data_F$BMI <- as.numeric(new_data_F$BMI)
# Get predictions and confidence intervals
predictions_M <- predict(Males.reg.mean, newdata = new_data_M, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
predictions_F <- predict(Females.reg.mean, newdata = new_data_F, interval = "confidence", level = 0.95)
# Combine predictions with new_data
new_data_M <- cbind(new_data_M, predictions_M)
new_data_F <- cbind(new_data_F, predictions_F)
# Plot the data, regression line, and confidence intervals
ggplot() +
geom_line(data = new_data_M, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = fit, color = "Males")) +
geom_line(data = new_data_F, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, y = fit, color = "Females")) +
geom_ribbon(data = new_data_M, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = lwr, ymax = upr), alpha = 0.2, fill = "Green") +
geom_ribbon(data = new_data_F, aes(x = Natural_environment_pcnt_1000m, ymin = lwr, ymax = upr), alpha = 0.2, fill = "Red") +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Sex")) +
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
theme_classic() 
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Partial Regression Plot
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Males
M.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
M.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Females
F.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
F.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
#make data frame of MALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
M.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(M.resid.nat, M.resid.gm))
#do NOT add the brain and natural environment means to their respective residuals
#make data frame of FEMALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
F.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(F.resid.nat, F.resid.gm))
# do NOT add the FEMALE brain and cog means to their respective residuals
#Plot the partial regression, including confidence intervals
ggplot() +
#add regression line for females
geom_smooth(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat*10, y = F.resid.gm, color = "Females"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "red", alpha = 0.1) +
#add regression line for males
geom_smooth(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat*10, y = M.resid.gm, color = "Males"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "green", alpha = 0.1) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
#remove the fill colour from the legend symbols
guides(color = guide_legend(override.aes = list(fill = NA))) +
#xlim(0,100) +
#ylim(785,795) +
theme_classic()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
Alternative Grey Matter Graph: Partial Regression Plot #2
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Males
M.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
M.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M))
#residualize GM volume and natural environment within Females
F.resid.gm <- resid(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
F.resid.nat <- resid(lm(Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt~Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability +
Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F))
#make data frame of MALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
M.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(M.resid.nat, M.resid.gm))
#add the MALE brain and natural environment means to their respective residuals
M.resid$M.resid.gm <- M.resid$M.resid.gm + mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
M.resid$M.resid.nat <- M.resid$M.resid.nat*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.M$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
#make data frame of FEMALE residuals for natural environment and GM volume
F.resid <- as.data.frame(cbind(F.resid.nat, F.resid.gm))
#add the FEMALE brain and cog means to their respective residuals
F.resid$F.resid.gm <- F.resid$F.resid.gm + mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3)
F.resid$F.resid.nat <- F.resid$F.resid.nat*10 + mean(CogsBrainCov.F$Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt)*10
ggplot() +
#add data points for females
#geom_point(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat, y = F.resid.gm), shape = 20, size = 0, color = "Red") +
#add data points for males
#geom_point(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat, y = M.resid.gm), shape = 3, size = 0, color = "Green") +
#add regression line for females
geom_smooth(data = F.resid, aes(x = F.resid.nat, y = F.resid.gm, color = "Females"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "red", alpha = 0.1) +
#add regression line for males
geom_smooth(data = M.resid, aes(x = M.resid.nat, y = M.resid.gm, color = "Males"), method = "lm", se = TRUE, fill = "green", alpha = 0.2) +
#set plot labels, aesthetics, and legend
labs(x = "Natural Environment (%)", y = "Grey Matter Volume (cm^3)", color = "Sex") +
#remove the fill colour from the legend symbols
guides(color = guide_legend(override.aes = list(fill = NA))) +
coord_cartesian(xlim=c(0,96), ylim=c(765,815)) +
theme_classic()## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
#What is going wrong with these graphs? Why are the slopes so shallow?
#Based on the sex-stratified models (below), y-intercept should be 786 for Males and 813 for Females. Why the discrepancy????Grey matter: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary(lmM)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -168.755, -22.696, -0.151, 23.948, 177.675
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 786.794881
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.796763
## Summed_PA_min -0.004975
## Age -34.720335
## BMI -8.116266
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.164050
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.035193
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.594626
## EducationNone of the above 5.474121
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.911170
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.578208
## Income -0.457423
## Average_time_outdoors 0.538271
## Smoking -5.440140
## Disability -2.243344
## Deprivation_Index 0.024098
## Population_density -0.892832
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.795423
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.286862
## Summed_PA_min 0.005699
## Age 0.670723
## BMI 0.631532
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.496091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.982030
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.279555
## EducationNone of the above 2.764168
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.772175
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.980559
## Income 0.478170
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304882
## Smoking 0.767217
## Disability 1.095993
## Deprivation_Index 0.033119
## Population_density 1.036245
## t value
## (Intercept) 281.458
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.778
## Summed_PA_min -0.873
## Age -51.766
## BMI -12.852
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.446
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.689
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.261
## EducationNone of the above 1.980
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.514
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.872
## Income -0.957
## Average_time_outdoors 1.766
## Smoking -7.091
## Disability -2.047
## Deprivation_Index 0.728
## Population_density -0.862
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0055
## Summed_PA_min 0.3827
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1481
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0914
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.7942
## EducationNone of the above 0.0477
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.6072
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0613
## Income 0.3388
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0775
## Smoking 1.5e-12
## Disability 0.0407
## Deprivation_Index 0.4669
## Population_density 0.3889
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.24 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3726, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3708
## F-statistic: 209.6 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(lmM,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt")## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.234403 1.359124#Females
lmF <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary(lmF)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -143.773, -22.803, 0.161, 23.945, 115.554
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 813.515902
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.443942
## Summed_PA_min -0.004416
## Age -39.333232
## BMI -2.760310
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.043069
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.005280
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.698965
## EducationNone of the above 3.503267
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.789063
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.892558
## Income -0.278452
## Average_time_outdoors -0.295736
## Smoking -4.824904
## Disability -0.194376
## Deprivation_Index -0.045641
## Population_density -1.811383
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.601179
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.281578
## Summed_PA_min 0.005672
## Age 0.683043
## BMI 0.518339
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.369284
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.945543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.079034
## EducationNone of the above 2.951975
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.593553
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.342130
## Income 0.448247
## Average_time_outdoors 0.366449
## Smoking 0.795797
## Disability 1.156908
## Deprivation_Index 0.032252
## Population_density 1.037429
## t value
## (Intercept) 312.749
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.577
## Summed_PA_min -0.779
## Age -57.585
## BMI -5.325
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.492
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.039
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.176
## EducationNone of the above 1.187
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.750
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.662
## Income -0.621
## Average_time_outdoors -0.807
## Smoking -6.063
## Disability -0.168
## Deprivation_Index -1.415
## Population_density -1.746
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1149
## Summed_PA_min 0.4362
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 1.05e-07
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1357
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0415
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0296
## EducationNone of the above 0.2354
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0801
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0966
## Income 0.5345
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4197
## Smoking 1.42e-09
## Disability 0.8666
## Deprivation_Index 0.1571
## Population_density 0.0809
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4003, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3987
## F-statistic: 240.6 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(lmF,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt")## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.108056 0.9959406#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.gm <- (M.beta - F.beta) / sqrt(M.se^2 + F.se^2)
p.nat.gm <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.gm)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.gm## [1] 0.8777402p.nat.gm## [1] 0.19004248.1.2) White Matter (not significant)
model8wm <- lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8wm)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.807, -26.221, -1.206, 24.317, 178.604
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 703.752741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.662884
## Sex -7.991529
## Age -17.227734
## BMI 0.416939
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.537811
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.894118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.421455
## EducationNone of the above 3.634537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.778106
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.241866
## Income -0.257367
## Average_time_outdoors 0.004909
## Summed_PA_min 0.002773
## Smoking -0.635226
## Disability -1.100106
## Deprivation_Index -0.036651
## Population_density -1.061103
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.302038
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.077968
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.219404
## Sex 1.706209
## Age 0.521561
## BMI 0.436829
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102206
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285622
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956811
## EducationNone of the above 2.193454
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293723
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007042
## Income 0.357055
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254727
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602697
## Disability 0.868732
## Deprivation_Index 0.025213
## Population_density 0.800326
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.323293
## t value
## (Intercept) 338.674
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.021
## Sex -4.684
## Age -33.031
## BMI 0.954
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.302
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.391
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.215
## EducationNone of the above 1.657
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.601
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.619
## Income -0.721
## Average_time_outdoors 0.019
## Summed_PA_min 0.632
## Smoking -1.054
## Disability -1.266
## Deprivation_Index -1.454
## Population_density -1.326
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.934
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00252
## Sex 2.85e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.33987
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02133
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.69566
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.82948
## EducationNone of the above 0.09755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.54755
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53609
## Income 0.47104
## Average_time_outdoors 0.98462
## Summed_PA_min 0.52745
## Smoking 0.29192
## Disability 0.20542
## Deprivation_Index 0.14608
## Population_density 0.18492
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.35019
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1018, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1004
## F-statistic: 72 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model8wm,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.9357478 0.33167188.1.3) Hippocampal volume (not significant)
model8hpc <- lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2)
summary(model8hpc)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6095, -0.3094, 0.0239, 0.3383, 5.6443
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 4.143e-04
## Sex 2.876e-01
## Age -2.165e-01
## BMI -1.364e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.419e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.554e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.840e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.687e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.612e-02
## Income -3.834e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.976e-06
## Summed_PA_min 6.125e-05
## Smoking -3.774e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.759e-05
## Population_density -9.711e-03
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.721e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.834e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.992e-03
## Sex 2.327e-02
## Age 7.112e-03
## BMI 5.958e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.474e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.219e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.091e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 4.409e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 175.688
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.138
## Sex 12.361
## Age -30.443
## BMI -2.290
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.609
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.780
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.189
## EducationNone of the above 1.809
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.090
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.589
## Income -0.079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.001
## Summed_PA_min 1.024
## Smoking -4.591
## Disability -1.870
## Deprivation_Index 0.197
## Population_density -0.890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.390
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8899
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0221
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1076
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0751
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0286
## EducationNone of the above 0.0704
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0367
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5559
## Income 0.9373
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9991
## Summed_PA_min 0.3061
## Smoking 4.45e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8442
## Population_density 0.3736
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.6963
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5249 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 125.9 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(model8hpc,"Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex") #95% confidence interval## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.01036247 0.006921332Model assumption checks
model_diagnostics(model8gm)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.9859, p-value = 0.2252
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 800.00882
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.63773
## Sex
## 26.67578
## Age
## -36.90293
## BMI
## -4.97605
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -1.89854
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.08541
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 2.92487
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.06119
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 1.01261
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 4.26340
## Income
## -0.42587
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.20103
## Summed_PA_min
## -0.00444
## Smoking
## -5.09523
## Disability
## -1.30460
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.01113
## Population_density
## -1.39974
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -0.63491
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 31.8377 2.065e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 15.7374 7.277e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 13.6786 2.169e-04 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 1.5882 2.076e-01 Assumptions acceptable.
## Heteroscedasticity 0.8336 3.612e-01 Assumptions acceptable. # Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests slight non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no concerning outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
model_diagnostics(model8wm)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 1.984, p-value = 0.1965
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 703.752741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 0.662884
## Sex
## -7.991529
## Age
## -17.227734
## BMI
## 0.416939
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## -2.537811
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 0.894118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## -0.421455
## EducationNone of the above
## 3.634537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## -0.778106
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.241866
## Income
## -0.257367
## Average_time_outdoors
## 0.004909
## Summed_PA_min
## 0.002773
## Smoking
## -0.635226
## Disability
## -1.100106
## Deprivation_Index
## -0.036651
## Population_density
## -1.061103
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -0.302038
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 187.638 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 102.373 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 63.383 1.665e-15 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 18.187 2.002e-05 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 3.694 5.459e-02 Assumptions acceptable. # Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal skew
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: no concerning outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic
model_diagnostics(model8hpc, bin_width=0.1)
##
## Durbin-Watson test
##
## data: model
## DW = 2.0354, p-value = 0.9708
## alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept)
## 4.979e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## 4.143e-04
## Sex
## 2.876e-01
## Age
## -2.165e-01
## BMI
## -1.364e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## 2.419e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## 5.554e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## 5.840e-02
## EducationNone of the above
## 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## 3.687e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## 1.612e-02
## Income
## -3.834e-04
## Average_time_outdoors
## 3.976e-06
## Summed_PA_min
## 6.125e-05
## Smoking
## -3.774e-02
## Disability
## -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index
## 6.759e-05
## Population_density
## -9.711e-03
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## -1.721e-03
##
##
## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM:
## Level of Significance = 0.05
##
## Call:
## gvlma(x = model)
##
## Value p-value Decision
## Global Stat 4072.050 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Skewness 153.290 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Kurtosis 3818.234 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Link Function 97.593 0.00000 Assumptions NOT satisfied!
## Heteroscedasticity 2.932 0.08684 Assumptions acceptable. # Residuals vs. Fitted plot suggests approximately linear, some heteroskedasticity, 1 outlier
# Normal Q-Q plot suggests non-normal kurtosis
# Residuals vs. Leverage plot: a few outliers
# Histogram of residuals: approximately normal
# Durbin-Watson test near 2 suggests independent residuals
# Skewness, Kurtosis, and Heteroskedasticity tests suggest non-normal but homoskedastic8.2) 300m natural environment buffer
8.2.1) Moderation by sex: Grey Matter (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.182, -22.764, 0.27, 23.863, 179.4
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.995874
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.652078
## Sex 26.001780
## Age -36.877968
## BMI -4.975261
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.968859
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.106773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.891311
## EducationNone of the above 5.006050
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.988328
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.275696
## Income -0.465934
## Average_time_outdoors 0.184048
## Summed_PA_min -0.004247
## Smoking -5.112998
## Disability -1.335654
## Deprivation_Index -0.010966
## Population_density -1.558275
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.634411
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.866673
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.181358
## Sex 1.234749
## Age 0.478874
## BMI 0.401069
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011177
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098756
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796988
## EducationNone of the above 2.014165
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188044
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843167
## Income 0.327877
## Average_time_outdoors 0.234025
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.552885
## Disability 0.797760
## Deprivation_Index 0.023152
## Population_density 0.723864
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.271796
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.103
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.596
## Sex 21.058
## Age -77.010
## BMI -12.405
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.947
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.433
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.609
## EducationNone of the above 2.485
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.832
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.320
## Income -1.421
## Average_time_outdoors 0.786
## Summed_PA_min -1.054
## Smoking -9.248
## Disability -1.674
## Deprivation_Index -0.474
## Population_density -2.153
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.334
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000325
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.051548
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014980
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.107649
## EducationNone of the above 0.012954
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.405486
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.020372
## Income 0.155325
## Average_time_outdoors 0.431623
## Summed_PA_min 0.291958
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.094108
## Deprivation_Index 0.635776
## Population_density 0.031362
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.019606
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4557
## F-statistic: 533.4 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.33687375
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.29658489
## Sex 23.58146014
## Age -37.81664401
## BMI -5.76142390
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.95094016
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.99285075
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.63109329
## EducationNone of the above 1.05794008
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.34044254
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.66277215
## Income -1.10862871
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27468124
## Summed_PA_min -0.01214621
## Smoking -6.19674803
## Disability -2.89940021
## Deprivation_Index -0.05634803
## Population_density -2.97717156
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.16717761
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.654873520
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 1.007571790
## Sex 28.422099508
## Age -35.939292324
## BMI -4.189097280
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.013221237
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.220695199
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.413715026
## EducationNone of the above 8.954159796
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.317099405
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.888620090
## Income 0.176760739
## Average_time_outdoors 0.642776867
## Summed_PA_min 0.003652204
## Smoking -4.029248203
## Disability 0.228092878
## Deprivation_Index 0.034416966
## Population_density -0.139377593
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.101643567Grey matter: Sex-stratified subanalysis
#repeat regression within each Sex (ensuring to remove Sex as covariate)
#Males
lmM <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.M)
summary(lmM)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.M)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -168.877, -22.532, 0.101, 24.065, 178.159
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 788.027756
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.882478
## Summed_PA_min -0.004577
## Age -34.668892
## BMI -8.122995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.236983
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.092041
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.524662
## EducationNone of the above 5.376730
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.959401
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.641021
## Income -0.515298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.506269
## Smoking -5.442359
## Disability -2.288083
## Deprivation_Index 0.024123
## Population_density -1.275243
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.735478
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.259461
## Summed_PA_min 0.005696
## Age 0.670104
## BMI 0.631301
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.494294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.980783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.279004
## EducationNone of the above 2.762868
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.771721
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.978817
## Income 0.478114
## Average_time_outdoors 0.305114
## Smoking 0.766508
## Disability 1.095696
## Deprivation_Index 0.033108
## Population_density 1.026601
## t value
## (Intercept) 288.077
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.401
## Summed_PA_min -0.804
## Age -51.737
## BMI -12.867
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.497
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.708
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.230
## EducationNone of the above 1.946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.542
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.894
## Income -1.078
## Average_time_outdoors 1.659
## Smoking -7.100
## Disability -2.088
## Deprivation_Index 0.729
## Population_density -1.242
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.000676
## Summed_PA_min 0.421666
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.134445
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.087638
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.817933
## EducationNone of the above 0.051696
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.588179
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.058314
## Income 0.281181
## Average_time_outdoors 0.097115
## Smoking 1.4e-12
## Disability 0.036820
## Deprivation_Index 0.466260
## Population_density 0.214215
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt ***
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications .
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5647 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.373, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3712
## F-statistic: 210 on 16 and 5647 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(lmM,"Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt")## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3738349 1.391121#Females
lmF <- lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.F)
summary(lmF)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Summed_PA_min + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.F)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -144.443, -22.935, 0.131, 24.033, 115.105
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 814.187360
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.447211
## Summed_PA_min -0.004525
## Age -39.351802
## BMI -2.749615
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.108255
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.962541
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.696002
## EducationNone of the above 3.503859
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.787987
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.849269
## Income -0.304041
## Average_time_outdoors -0.295263
## Smoking -4.861236
## Disability -0.212458
## Deprivation_Index -0.045055
## Population_density -1.890518
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.543111
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.252074
## Summed_PA_min 0.005672
## Age 0.683160
## BMI 0.518145
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.367850
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.945224
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.078849
## EducationNone of the above 2.951673
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.593358
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.342134
## Income 0.448121
## Average_time_outdoors 0.366429
## Smoking 0.794527
## Disability 1.156799
## Deprivation_Index 0.032246
## Population_density 1.015323
## t value
## (Intercept) 320.154
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 1.774
## Summed_PA_min -0.798
## Age -57.603
## BMI -5.307
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.541
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.024
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.175
## EducationNone of the above 1.187
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.750
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.643
## Income -0.678
## Average_time_outdoors -0.806
## Smoking -6.118
## Disability -0.184
## Deprivation_Index -1.397
## Population_density -1.862
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0761
## Summed_PA_min 0.4250
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 1.16e-07
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0430
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0297
## EducationNone of the above 0.2352
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0802
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.1003
## Income 0.4975
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4204
## Smoking 1.01e-09
## Disability 0.8543
## Deprivation_Index 0.1624
## Population_density 0.0627
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt .
## Summed_PA_min
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Smoking ***
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.23 on 5767 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4004, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3987
## F-statistic: 240.7 on 16 and 5767 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16confint(lmF,"Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt")## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.04694904 0.9413705#obtain beta coefficient and standard error for males and females
F.beta <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
F.se <- summary(lmF)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
M.beta <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Estimate"]
M.se <- summary(lmM)$coefficients["Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt","Std. Error"]
#calculate Z-score
Z.nat.gm <- (M.beta - F.beta) / sqrt(M.se^2 + F.se^2)
p.nat.gm <- 1 - pnorm(Z.nat.gm)
#print Z-score and p-value
Z.nat.gm## [1] 1.203235p.nat.gm## [1] 0.11444288.2.2) Moderation by sex: White Matter (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.098, -26.112, -1.191, 24.342, 180.283
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.843684
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.531860
## Sex -8.382901
## Age -17.205626
## BMI 0.427285
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.631910
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.904718
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.434407
## EducationNone of the above 3.596198
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.779385
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.256110
## Income -0.294434
## Average_time_outdoors -0.004255
## Summed_PA_min 0.002931
## Smoking -0.676845
## Disability -1.127330
## Deprivation_Index -0.036286
## Population_density -0.839457
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.291406
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.032929
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.197511
## Sex 1.344722
## Age 0.521525
## BMI 0.436790
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101238
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285682
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.957036
## EducationNone of the above 2.193557
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293858
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007329
## Income 0.357079
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254868
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602128
## Disability 0.868813
## Deprivation_Index 0.025214
## Population_density 0.788335
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.296004
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.713
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.693
## Sex -6.234
## Age -32.991
## BMI 0.978
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.396
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.222
## EducationNone of the above 1.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.602
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.626
## Income -0.825
## Average_time_outdoors -0.017
## Summed_PA_min 0.668
## Smoking -1.124
## Disability -1.298
## Deprivation_Index -1.439
## Population_density -1.065
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.984
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0071
## Sex 4.71e-10
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.3280
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0169
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6922
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8243
## EducationNone of the above 0.1011
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5469
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5315
## Income 0.4096
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9867
## Summed_PA_min 0.5042
## Smoking 0.2610
## Disability 0.1945
## Deprivation_Index 0.1501
## Population_density 0.2870
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.3249
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 71.89 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.858795415
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.144704981
## Sex -11.018786296
## Age -18.227905374
## BMI -0.428898213
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.790524230
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.575610910
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.270534052
## EducationNone of the above -0.703550258
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.315568121
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.678598588
## Income -0.994369919
## Average_time_outdoors -0.503840739
## Summed_PA_min -0.005671251
## Smoking -1.857119545
## Disability -2.830352080
## Deprivation_Index -0.085710974
## Population_density -2.384728065
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.871623763
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.82857274
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.91901592
## Sex -5.74701544
## Age -16.18334738
## BMI 1.28346765
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.47329486
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.38504639
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.40172002
## EducationNone of the above 7.89594616
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.75679774
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.19081940
## Income 0.40550272
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49533077
## Summed_PA_min 0.01153425
## Smoking 0.50342862
## Disability 0.57569114
## Deprivation_Index 0.01313801
## Population_density 0.70581398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.288812068.2.3) Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5921, -0.3081, 0.0226, 0.339, 5.6507
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.982e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.667e-03
## Sex 3.017e-01
## Age -2.163e-01
## BMI -1.352e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.359e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.562e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.863e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.469e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.742e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.703e-02
## Income -2.795e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 2.942e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.303e-05
## Smoking -3.815e-02
## Disability -2.211e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.749e-05
## Population_density 9.860e-04
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -5.897e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.772e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.694e-03
## Sex 1.834e-02
## Age 7.110e-03
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.119e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.475e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.075e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 4.036e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.717
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.361
## Sex 16.453
## Age -30.418
## BMI -2.270
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.571
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.198
## EducationNone of the above 1.829
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.121
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.622
## Income -0.057
## Average_time_outdoors 0.008
## Summed_PA_min 1.053
## Smoking -4.648
## Disability -1.866
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density 0.092
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.461
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1735
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0232
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1162
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0746
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0280
## EducationNone of the above 0.0674
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0340
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5336
## Income 0.9542
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9932
## Summed_PA_min 0.2922
## Smoking 3.4e-06
## Disability 0.0621
## Deprivation_Index 0.8444
## Population_density 0.9269
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1440
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1659, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1646
## F-statistic: 126.2 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.927522e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -8.947999e-03
## Sex 2.657469e-01
## Age -2.301970e-01
## BMI -2.519311e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.840527e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.525986e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.332961e-03
## EducationNone of the above -3.923410e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.835479e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.660672e-02
## Income -9.823552e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.781391e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.425223e-05
## Smoking -5.424543e-02
## Disability -4.533609e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.063929e-04
## Population_density -2.008600e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.380931e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0361962188
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0016138868
## Sex 0.3376344881
## Age -0.2023247699
## BMI -0.0018456401
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0530300208
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1167645078
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1109274598
## EducationNone of the above 0.1133110874
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0719997554
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0706763056
## Income 0.0092644806
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068402291
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001803112
## Smoking -0.0220618422
## Disability 0.0011159564
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007413762
## Population_density 0.0220579289
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.00201497439) Sensitivity analyses for cognitive function
9.1) Greenspace percentage instead of natural environment percentage
9.1.1) 1000m greenspace buffer
Association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with Trail-making Test (B-A) (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.821, -10.259, -2.526, 6.973, 176.427
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 27.85302
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.10698
## Age 4.21062
## Sex 0.11492
## BMI 0.14506
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.62401
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.51550
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.06351
## EducationNone of the above 10.32567
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.82953
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.60467
## Income -0.92593
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.71153
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.06396
## Age 0.23859
## Sex 0.34263
## BMI 0.19887
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.50709
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05007
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.90018
## EducationNone of the above 1.00495
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.59533
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.92457
## Income 0.16239
## t value
## (Intercept) 39.145
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.673
## Age 17.648
## Sex 0.335
## BMI 0.729
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.231
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.300
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.847
## EducationNone of the above 10.275
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.073
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.899
## Income -5.702
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.09443
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.73734
## BMI 0.46576
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.21851
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.72e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.65e-15
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00212
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.72e-05
## Income 1.22e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.74 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.06943, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06853
## F-statistic: 77.56 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 26.4583038
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.2323501
## Age 3.7429453
## Sex -0.5566998
## BMI -0.2447626
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6179822
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.4571783
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.2989936
## EducationNone of the above 8.3558008
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.6625884
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7923456
## Income -1.2442497
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.24774575
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.01839085
## Age 4.67830046
## Sex 0.78653041
## BMI 0.53488866
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.36996908
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.57382388
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.82801702
## EducationNone of the above 12.29554405
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.99647281
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.41698832
## Income -0.60760606Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -135.156, -10.208, -2.52, 6.957, 175.511
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.097925
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.149953
## Age 4.112060
## Sex 0.266898
## BMI 0.181304
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.519889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.167721
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.808285
## EducationNone of the above 9.844473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.695407
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.534087
## Income -0.837375
## Average_time_outdoors 0.304358
## Summed_PA_min 0.003365
## Smoking 0.643310
## Disability -0.061973
## Deprivation_Index -0.037722
## Population_density 0.253469
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.940263
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.085470
## Age 0.240277
## Sex 0.345736
## BMI 0.201073
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507457
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052284
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900825
## EducationNone of the above 1.009815
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595588
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924020
## Income 0.164368
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117284
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277522
## Disability 0.399978
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.364176
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.756
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.754
## Age 17.114
## Sex 0.772
## BMI 0.902
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.024
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.961
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.558
## EducationNone of the above 9.749
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.847
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.825
## Income -5.095
## Average_time_outdoors 2.595
## Summed_PA_min 1.666
## Smoking 2.318
## Disability -0.155
## Deprivation_Index -3.249
## Population_density 0.696
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.079379
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.440148
## BMI 0.367245
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305621
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.52e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.41e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004427
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000132
## Income 3.55e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.009470
## Summed_PA_min 0.095835
## Smoking 0.020464
## Disability 0.876871
## Deprivation_Index 0.001160
## Population_density 0.486439
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07196, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07058
## F-statistic: 52.13 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.2548475558
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.3174880831
## Age 3.6410755402
## Sex -0.4108043028
## BMI -0.2128336233
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.5145905872
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1050645564
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0425143462
## EducationNone of the above 7.8650626388
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5279520204
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7228485273
## Income -1.1595638022
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0744612126
## Summed_PA_min -0.0005953027
## Smoking 0.0993194714
## Disability -0.8459980061
## Deprivation_Index -0.0604775575
## Population_density -0.4603790712
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.941002304
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.017582398
## Age 4.583044317
## Sex 0.944601221
## BMI 0.575441213
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.474813388
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.230378277
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.574055999
## EducationNone of the above 11.823882543
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.862861790
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.345324654
## Income -0.515186419
## Average_time_outdoors 0.534253984
## Summed_PA_min 0.007325439
## Smoking 1.187300439
## Disability 0.722052400
## Deprivation_Index -0.014966041
## Population_density 0.967316780Association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with Symbol Digit Substitution (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.462, -2.464, 0.29, 2.807, 63.086
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.392561
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.069188
## Age -2.420127
## Sex 0.021269
## BMI 0.004732
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.313197
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.302586
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.887817
## EducationNone of the above -1.591257
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.458582
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.141275
## Income 0.353957
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.173340
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.015581
## Age 0.058124
## Sex 0.083470
## BMI 0.048449
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123534
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255814
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.219298
## EducationNone of the above 0.244821
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.145031
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.225240
## Income 0.039562
## t value
## (Intercept) 111.876
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 4.440
## Age -41.637
## Sex 0.255
## BMI 0.098
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.535
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.092
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.048
## EducationNone of the above -6.500
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.162
## EducationOther professional qualifications -5.067
## Income 8.947
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 9.06e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.79888
## BMI 0.92220
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01125
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.60e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.19e-05
## EducationNone of the above 8.38e-11
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.00157
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.11e-07
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.322 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1925, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1918
## F-statistic: 247.9 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.05278532
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.03864603
## Age -2.53406054
## Sex -0.14234699
## BMI -0.09023593
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.07104959
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.80402508
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.31767921
## EducationNone of the above -2.07114768
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.74286654
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.58278370
## Income 0.27640893
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.73233589
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.09973035
## Age -2.30619377
## Sex 0.18488435
## BMI 0.09969900
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55534481
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.80114750
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.45795532
## EducationNone of the above -1.11136620
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.17429673
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.69976551
## Income 0.43150502Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.939, -2.479, 0.281, 2.777, 63.341
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.491985
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.105551
## Age -2.358692
## Sex -0.067079
## BMI -0.002825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.274235
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.128057
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.779080
## EducationNone of the above -1.363879
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.392829
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.079216
## Income 0.305087
## Average_time_outdoors -0.185128
## Summed_PA_min -0.001461
## Smoking -0.129322
## Disability -0.241808
## Deprivation_Index -0.001370
## Population_density -0.192041
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.228490
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.020770
## Age 0.058389
## Sex 0.084016
## BMI 0.048862
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123315
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255711
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.218906
## EducationNone of the above 0.245391
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144732
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.224542
## Income 0.039942
## Average_time_outdoors 0.028501
## Summed_PA_min 0.000491
## Smoking 0.067439
## Disability 0.097197
## Deprivation_Index 0.002821
## Population_density 0.088497
## t value
## (Intercept) 89.685
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 5.082
## Age -40.396
## Sex -0.798
## BMI -0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.224
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.411
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.559
## EducationNone of the above -5.558
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.714
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.806
## Income 7.638
## Average_time_outdoors -6.496
## Summed_PA_min -2.976
## Smoking -1.918
## Disability -2.488
## Deprivation_Index -0.486
## Population_density -2.170
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.79e-07
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.424652
## BMI 0.953889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.026177
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.04e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000374
## EducationNone of the above 2.79e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006654
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.56e-06
## Income 2.38e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 8.62e-11
## Summed_PA_min 0.002923
## Smoking 0.055187
## Disability 0.012867
## Deprivation_Index 0.627131
## Population_density 0.030025
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking .
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.307 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1987, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1976
## F-statistic: 166.8 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.044105873
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.064838872
## Age -2.473144014
## Sex -0.231764690
## BMI -0.098603168
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.032516845
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.629295457
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.208173193
## EducationNone of the above -1.844887905
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.676527447
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.519357229
## Income 0.226793362
## Average_time_outdoors -0.240994030
## Summed_PA_min -0.002423730
## Smoking -0.261514568
## Disability -0.432330408
## Deprivation_Index -0.006900209
## Population_density -0.365510320
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9398634854
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1462629994
## Age -2.2442399767
## Sex 0.0976069450
## BMI 0.0929523238
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5159538892
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6268195920
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3499874859
## EducationNone of the above -0.8828710321
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1091304325
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6390739021
## Income 0.3833809132
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1292616413
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004989428
## Smoking 0.0028713031
## Disability -0.0512847973
## Deprivation_Index 0.0041593609
## Population_density -0.0185717037Moderation by sex: association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with TMT (B-A) (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.849, -10.23, -2.519, 6.963, 175.651
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.096344
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.152325
## Sex -0.428128
## Age 4.114311
## BMI 0.181422
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.513963
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.179435
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.820877
## EducationNone of the above 9.827129
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.692842
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.531675
## Income -0.836990
## Average_time_outdoors 0.307495
## Summed_PA_min 0.003363
## Smoking 0.645205
## Disability -0.060812
## Deprivation_Index -0.037693
## Population_density 0.255447
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.157495
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.940242
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.085489
## Sex 0.659709
## Age 0.240278
## BMI 0.201068
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507467
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052302
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.900861
## EducationNone of the above 1.009889
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595578
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924001
## Income 0.164364
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117309
## Summed_PA_min 0.002020
## Smoking 0.277520
## Disability 0.399970
## Deprivation_Index 0.011609
## Population_density 0.364171
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.127320
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.755
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -1.782
## Sex -0.649
## Age 17.123
## BMI 0.902
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.013
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.972
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.572
## EducationNone of the above 9.731
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.842
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.822
## Income -5.092
## Average_time_outdoors 2.621
## Summed_PA_min 1.664
## Smoking 2.325
## Disability -0.152
## Deprivation_Index -3.247
## Population_density 0.701
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 1.237
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.074808
## Sex 0.516374
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.366921
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.311178
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.18e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.97e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004486
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000133
## Income 3.59e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.008772
## Summed_PA_min 0.096072
## Smoking 0.020095
## Disability 0.879158
## Deprivation_Index 0.001170
## Population_density 0.483038
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.216110
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt .
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors **
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07208, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07062
## F-statistic: 49.32 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.2533078295
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.3198984080
## Sex -1.7212706650
## Age 3.6433236401
## BMI -0.2127060155
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.5086858032
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1167420372
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0550346402
## EducationNone of the above 7.8475738162
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5254074736
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7204750243
## Income -1.1591714134
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0775499472
## Summed_PA_min -0.0005976882
## Smoking 0.1012184694
## Disability -0.8448207490
## Deprivation_Index -0.0604479809
## Population_density -0.4583913948
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0920729917
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.939380527
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.015248627
## Sex 0.865015224
## Age 4.585297586
## BMI 0.575550636
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.480760703
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.242127141
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.586719899
## EducationNone of the above 11.806683530
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.860277260
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.342875235
## Income -0.514807811
## Average_time_outdoors 0.537439542
## Summed_PA_min 0.007322874
## Smoking 1.189190785
## Disability 0.723197624
## Deprivation_Index -0.014937426
## Population_density 0.969285121
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.407063440Moderation by sex: association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.946, -2.476, 0.276, 2.766, 63.325
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.491790
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.105258
## Sex -0.152814
## Age -2.358414
## BMI -0.002811
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.274966
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.126613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.777527
## EducationNone of the above -1.366019
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.393145
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.079513
## Income 0.305135
## Average_time_outdoors -0.184741
## Summed_PA_min -0.001462
## Smoking -0.129088
## Disability -0.241664
## Deprivation_Index -0.001367
## Population_density -0.191797
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.019428
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.228496
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.020775
## Sex 0.160321
## Age 0.058392
## BMI 0.048863
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.123324
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.255728
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.218925
## EducationNone of the above 0.245421
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144736
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.224549
## Income 0.039943
## Average_time_outdoors 0.028508
## Summed_PA_min 0.000491
## Smoking 0.067442
## Disability 0.097200
## Deprivation_Index 0.002821
## Population_density 0.088500
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.030941
## t value
## (Intercept) 89.681
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 5.066
## Sex -0.953
## Age -40.389
## BMI -0.058
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.230
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.552
## EducationNone of the above -5.566
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.716
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.807
## Income 7.639
## Average_time_outdoors -6.480
## Summed_PA_min -2.977
## Smoking -1.914
## Disability -2.486
## Deprivation_Index -0.484
## Population_density -2.167
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.628
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 4.12e-07
## Sex 0.340521
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.954129
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.025791
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.06e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000384
## EducationNone of the above 2.66e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.006612
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.55e-06
## Income 2.36e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 9.53e-11
## Summed_PA_min 0.002917
## Smoking 0.055639
## Disability 0.012923
## Deprivation_Index 0.628044
## Population_density 0.030241
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.530079
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking .
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.307 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1988, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1975
## F-statistic: 157.5 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.043898592
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.064534941
## Sex -0.467071541
## Age -2.472872694
## BMI -0.098591098
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.033230679
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.627884149
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.206658655
## EducationNone of the above -1.847086497
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.676853037
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.519667344
## Income 0.226838699
## Average_time_outdoors -0.240621585
## Summed_PA_min -0.002424062
## Smoking -0.261286367
## Disability -0.432192737
## Deprivation_Index -0.006896778
## Population_density -0.365272591
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.041221611
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9396807763
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1459817183
## Sex 0.1614426024
## Age -2.2439560260
## BMI 0.0929694931
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5167020818
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6253411216
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.3483954043
## EducationNone of the above -0.8849513906
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.1094375444
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.6393587233
## Income 0.3834306829
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1288601146
## Summed_PA_min -0.0004992222
## Smoking 0.0031105397
## Disability -0.0511359763
## Deprivation_Index 0.0041631079
## Population_density -0.0183214340
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.08007754909.1.2) 300m greenspace buffer
Association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with Trail-making Test (B-A) (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.707, -10.186, -2.522, 6.904, 175.729
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.920192
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007137
## Age 4.095255
## Sex 0.281339
## BMI 0.176747
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.478158
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.173084
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.809806
## EducationNone of the above 9.853349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.683265
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.527324
## Income -0.837291
## Average_time_outdoors 0.298970
## Summed_PA_min 0.003334
## Smoking 0.672333
## Disability -0.062050
## Deprivation_Index -0.037968
## Population_density -0.149010
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.936241
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.079988
## Age 0.240175
## Sex 0.345688
## BMI 0.201085
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507023
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052421
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.901022
## EducationNone of the above 1.009946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595648
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924136
## Income 0.164446
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117345
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277217
## Disability 0.400066
## Deprivation_Index 0.011610
## Population_density 0.348777
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.685
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.089
## Age 17.051
## Sex 0.814
## BMI 0.879
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.943
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.965
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.558
## EducationNone of the above 9.756
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.826
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.817
## Income -5.092
## Average_time_outdoors 2.548
## Summed_PA_min 1.650
## Smoking 2.425
## Disability -0.155
## Deprivation_Index -3.270
## Population_density -0.427
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.928900
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.415747
## BMI 0.379437
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.345665
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.38e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.41e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004722
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000136
## Income 3.61e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010854
## Summed_PA_min 0.098958
## Smoking 0.015311
## Disability 0.876746
## Deprivation_Index 0.001078
## Population_density 0.669216
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Summed_PA_min .
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.73 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07171, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07033
## F-statistic: 51.94 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.0849989812
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.1639279815
## Age 3.6244702455
## Sex -0.3962690709
## BMI -0.2174133964
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4720104297
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1101582158
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0436487705
## EducationNone of the above 7.8736813625
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5156918778
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7158578897
## Income -1.1596324687
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0689530985
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006266216
## Smoking 0.1289401205
## Disability -0.8462472918
## Deprivation_Index -0.0607248447
## Population_density -0.8326718755
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.755385773
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.149653234
## Age 4.566040397
## Sex 0.958946817
## BMI 0.570908062
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.515694079
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.236009656
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.575962841
## EducationNone of the above 11.833016978
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.850837134
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.338789385
## Income -0.514949189
## Average_time_outdoors 0.528986731
## Summed_PA_min 0.007294949
## Smoking 1.215726133
## Disability 0.722147923
## Deprivation_Index -0.015210364
## Population_density 0.534652356Association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.737, -2.479, 0.278, 2.783, 63.541
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 2.063e+01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 3.110e-02
## Age -2.349e+00
## Sex -7.660e-02
## BMI 6.812e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.478e-01
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.132e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -7.840e-01
## EducationNone of the above -1.371e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.860e-01
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.075e+00
## Income 3.036e-01
## Average_time_outdoors -1.829e-01
## Summed_PA_min -1.443e-03
## Smoking -1.465e-01
## Disability -2.435e-01
## Deprivation_Index -1.189e-03
## Population_density 2.074e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.277e-01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.945e-02
## Age 5.842e-02
## Sex 8.408e-02
## BMI 4.891e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.233e-01
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.560e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.191e-01
## EducationNone of the above 2.456e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.449e-01
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.248e-01
## Income 4.000e-02
## Average_time_outdoors 2.854e-02
## Summed_PA_min 4.915e-04
## Smoking 6.742e-02
## Disability 9.730e-02
## Deprivation_Index 2.824e-03
## Population_density 8.483e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.604
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.599
## Age -40.207
## Sex -0.911
## BMI 0.001
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.009
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.423
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.577
## EducationNone of the above -5.583
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.664
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.781
## Income 7.591
## Average_time_outdoors -6.407
## Summed_PA_min -2.935
## Smoking -2.172
## Disability -2.502
## Deprivation_Index -0.421
## Population_density 0.245
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.109949
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.362271
## BMI 0.998889
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.044556
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.84e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000349
## EducationNone of the above 2.42e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007723
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.76e-06
## Income 3.41e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.55e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003339
## Smoking 0.029848
## Disability 0.012361
## Deprivation_Index 0.673656
## Population_density 0.806835
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1971, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1959
## F-statistic: 165.1 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.185391515
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007035365
## Age -2.463243399
## Sex -0.241410563
## BMI -0.095799856
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.006026652
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.633785618
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.213533580
## EducationNone of the above -1.852903343
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.669984041
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.515263542
## Income 0.225228278
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238797576
## Summed_PA_min -0.002405932
## Smoking -0.278636746
## Disability -0.434195661
## Deprivation_Index -0.006724237
## Population_density -0.145538421
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.078104839
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.069234016
## Age -2.234234233
## Sex 0.088205728
## BMI 0.095936086
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.489477143
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.630293952
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.354402373
## EducationNone of the above -0.889911741
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.102028835
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.634092319
## Income 0.382028470
## Average_time_outdoors -0.126907964
## Summed_PA_min -0.000479244
## Smoking -0.014308104
## Disability -0.052729787
## Deprivation_Index 0.004345817
## Population_density 0.187022867Moderation by sex: association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with TMT (B-A) (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.476, -10.198, -2.544, 6.924, 175.96
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 25.921586
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.008410
## Sex -0.184557
## Age 4.093829
## BMI 0.178130
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.475382
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.173112
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.822540
## EducationNone of the above 9.846781
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.680614
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.522131
## Income -0.836631
## Average_time_outdoors 0.302382
## Summed_PA_min 0.003310
## Smoking 0.670745
## Disability -0.060249
## Deprivation_Index -0.037974
## Population_density -0.149518
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.158713
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.936216
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.079992
## Sex 0.503418
## Age 0.240172
## BMI 0.201082
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.507014
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.052392
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.901053
## EducationNone of the above 1.009932
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.595636
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.924120
## Income 0.164442
## Average_time_outdoors 0.117373
## Summed_PA_min 0.002021
## Smoking 0.277212
## Disability 0.400057
## Deprivation_Index 0.011610
## Population_density 0.348767
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.124673
## t value
## (Intercept) 27.688
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.105
## Sex -0.367
## Age 17.045
## BMI 0.886
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.938
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.965
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.572
## EducationNone of the above 9.750
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.822
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.811
## Income -5.088
## Average_time_outdoors 2.576
## Summed_PA_min 1.638
## Smoking 2.420
## Disability -0.151
## Deprivation_Index -3.271
## Population_density -0.429
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 1.273
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.916267
## Sex 0.713918
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.375713
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.348464
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 7.37e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.97e-14
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.004788
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000139
## Income 3.68e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.010000
## Summed_PA_min 0.101461
## Smoking 0.015553
## Disability 0.880293
## Deprivation_Index 0.001075
## Population_density 0.668147
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.203032
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors *
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking *
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.72 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07184, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07038
## F-statistic: 49.15 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.0864413356
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.1652089451
## Sex -1.1713425614
## Age 3.6230512780
## BMI -0.2160254212
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.4692164294
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1102424385
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.0563219654
## EducationNone of the above 7.8671411953
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5130655543
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.7106970308
## Income -1.1589654305
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0723117048
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006511156
## Smoking 0.1273613967
## Disability -0.8444301751
## Deprivation_Index -0.0607308920
## Population_density -0.8331620333
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0856672364
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.756731029
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.148388263
## Sex 0.802228733
## Age 4.564606126
## BMI 0.572286149
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.518452524
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.235981911
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.588757852
## EducationNone of the above 11.826421027
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.848161709
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.333565494
## Income -0.514296444
## Average_time_outdoors 0.532452862
## Summed_PA_min 0.007270597
## Smoking 1.214128918
## Disability 0.723932280
## Deprivation_Index -0.015217642
## Population_density 0.534125987
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.403092708Moderation by sex: association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt * Sex + Age +
## BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min +
## Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density,
## data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.732, -2.482, 0.285, 2.782, 63.534
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6318444
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0310114
## Sex -0.1087657
## Age -2.3488373
## BMI 0.0001636
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2479436
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.1320378
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.7830889
## EducationNone of the above -1.3718610
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3861894
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0750364
## Income 0.3036739
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1826172
## Summed_PA_min -0.0014443
## Smoking -0.1465821
## Disability -0.2433384
## Deprivation_Index -0.0011897
## Population_density 0.0207071
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0109568
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2277219
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0194570
## Sex 0.1224496
## Age 0.0584185
## BMI 0.0489105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1233242
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2559801
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2191688
## EducationNone of the above 0.2456522
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1448802
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2247796
## Income 0.0399983
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0285493
## Summed_PA_min 0.0004915
## Smoking 0.0674281
## Disability 0.0973085
## Deprivation_Index 0.0028239
## Population_density 0.0848329
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0303249
## t value
## (Intercept) 90.601
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 1.594
## Sex -0.888
## Age -40.207
## BMI 0.003
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.011
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.422
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.573
## EducationNone of the above -5.585
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.666
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.783
## Income 7.592
## Average_time_outdoors -6.397
## Summed_PA_min -2.939
## Smoking -2.174
## Disability -2.501
## Deprivation_Index -0.421
## Population_density 0.244
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.361
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.110999
## Sex 0.374425
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.997331
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.044402
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.85e-06
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000354
## EducationNone of the above 2.40e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.007696
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.75e-06
## Income 3.39e-14
## Average_time_outdoors 1.65e-10
## Summed_PA_min 0.003305
## Smoking 0.029733
## Disability 0.012409
## Deprivation_Index 0.673549
## Population_density 0.807163
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.717872
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent **
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking *
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.311 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1971, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1959
## F-statistic: 155.9 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.185470450
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.007127676
## Sex -0.348787895
## Age -2.463347489
## BMI -0.095709424
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.006206877
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.633802757
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.212697292
## EducationNone of the above -1.853381374
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.670179585
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.515643054
## Income 0.225270462
## Average_time_outdoors -0.238578725
## Summed_PA_min -0.002407699
## Smoking -0.278752738
## Disability -0.434079795
## Deprivation_Index -0.006724909
## Population_density -0.145579945
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.048485288
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.078218348
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.069150567
## Sex 0.131256399
## Age -2.234327117
## BMI 0.096036611
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.489680234
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.630272914
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.353480452
## EducationNone of the above -0.890340568
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.102199300
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.634429723
## Income 0.382077398
## Average_time_outdoors -0.126655666
## Summed_PA_min -0.000480850
## Smoking -0.014411364
## Disability -0.052597023
## Deprivation_Index 0.004345569
## Population_density 0.186994214
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0703989019.2) Restrict sample to participants with no change in home location between baseline (2006–2010) and online cognitive assessment (2014-2015, individual-specific dates)
Required UKB variables: * 699 - Length of time at current address - Instances 0 and 2 (unit: years) * 53 - Date of attending assessment centre - Instances 0 and 2 (format: YYYY-MM-DD) Approach: Include if var 699 (Instance) >= Difference in 53 (Instance 2 minus Instance 0) Note: This is a conservative estimate of the subset of participants with no change in home address between baseline and 2014-2015. We were unable to use the actual dates of the online cognitive assessment (var 20136 and 20137; below) because variable 699 was not collected at the same time as the online cognitive assessment; the nearest time at which variable 699 was collected is Instance 2. * 20136 - When trail making test completed * 20137 - When symbol digit substitution test completed
#convert dates to date data type
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_0 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.0)
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_2 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.2)
CogsBrainCov.df2$Date_attending_centre_3 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df2$Date.attending.centre.3)
#include only observations with no missing data for Var 699 and Var 53
HomeChangeTest_T2 <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df2, !is.na(Date_attending_centre_0) & !is.na(Date_attending_centre_2) & !is.na(Time_at_current_address_T2))
length(HomeChangeTest_T2$ID)## [1] 11389#include only observations with no change in address between T2 and T0
NoHomeChange_T2 <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (round(as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0)))
#more stringent version, where time difference between T2 and T0 is not rounded:
# NoHomeChange_T2 <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0))
length(NoHomeChange_T2$ID)## [1] 9168Compare the analytical cognitive+brain+covariate data set to the restricted data set with no change in home location
#use CogsBrainCov.df because variables (such as age, BMI, natural environment) are not yet re-scaled
#convert dates to date data type
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_0 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.0)
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_2 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.2)
CogsBrainCov.df$Date_attending_centre_3 <- as.Date(CogsBrainCov.df$Date.attending.centre.3)
#include only observations with no missing data for Var 699 and Var 53
HomeChangeTest_T2_unscaled <- subset(CogsBrainCov.df, !is.na(Date_attending_centre_0) & !is.na(Date_attending_centre_2) & !is.na(Time_at_current_address_T2))
#include only observations with no change in address between T2 and T0
NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled <- subset(HomeChangeTest_T2_unscaled,Time_at_current_address_T2 >= (round(as.numeric(Date_attending_centre_2 - Date_attending_centre_0) / 365, digits = 0)))
NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled$included<-"Participants with no change in home location"
AnalyticalVsNoHomeChange<-rbind(CogsBrainCov.df, NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled)
vars2<- subset(AnalyticalVsNoHomeChange, select = c(2:44, 49))
vars2 %>% tbl_summary(
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2,
by = "included"
)Table for restricted sample with no change in home location, stratified by sex
library(dplyr)
tbl_summary(
select(NoHomeChange_T2_unscaled, c(2:43)),
by = "Sex",
statistic = list(all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ({sd})",
all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"),
digits = all_continuous() ~ 2
) %>%
add_p(test = list(all_continuous() ~ "t.test",
all_categorical() ~ "chisq.test"))9.2.1) 1000m natural environment buffer
Association of natural environment with Trail-making Test (B-A) (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.542, -10.378, -2.445, 7.069, 176.524
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 28.33421
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.12617
## Age 4.16635
## Sex -0.06555
## BMI 0.19172
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.66821
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.25952
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.47783
## EducationNone of the above 10.14641
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.60136
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.49815
## Income -1.03069
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.84084
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.08426
## Age 0.27231
## Sex 0.38613
## BMI 0.22640
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.56854
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.18159
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.02491
## EducationNone of the above 1.11431
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.66760
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.04308
## Income 0.18495
## t value
## (Intercept) 33.698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.497
## Age 15.300
## Sex -0.170
## BMI 0.847
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.175
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.605
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.296
## EducationNone of the above 9.106
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.399
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.354
## Income -5.573
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.134348
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.865208
## BMI 0.397139
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.239906
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000314
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.21e-13
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.016474
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.000801
## Income 2.58e-08
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.87 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07043, Adjusted R-squared: 0.06932
## F-statistic: 63.07 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 26.6859797
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2913440
## Age 3.6325558
## Sex -0.8224403
## BMI -0.2520879
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.7826836
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.9433459
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.4687750
## EducationNone of the above 7.9621207
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.2927194
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.4534724
## Income -1.3932412
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 29.98243281
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.03900692
## Age 4.70013654
## Sex 0.69134829
## BMI 0.63551793
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.44626398
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.57569238
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.48688398
## EducationNone of the above 12.33069822
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.91000591
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.54281992
## Income -0.66813938Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.927, -10.378, -2.474, 7.028, 175.881
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.663464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.166933
## Age 4.077772
## Sex 0.071358
## BMI 0.217272
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.584442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.946311
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.233810
## EducationNone of the above 9.687225
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.457983
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.412258
## Income -0.955003
## Average_time_outdoors 0.236239
## Summed_PA_min 0.002844
## Smoking 0.820508
## Disability -0.151050
## Deprivation_Index -0.037015
## Population_density 0.211265
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.078580
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.113990
## Age 0.274398
## Sex 0.389934
## BMI 0.228838
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.569009
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184442
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026454
## EducationNone of the above 1.121473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668308
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042621
## Income 0.187506
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131406
## Summed_PA_min 0.002256
## Smoking 0.316137
## Disability 0.449637
## Deprivation_Index 0.013037
## Population_density 0.415530
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.721
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.464
## Age 14.861
## Sex 0.183
## BMI 0.949
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.027
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.332
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.047
## EducationNone of the above 8.638
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.182
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.273
## Income -5.093
## Average_time_outdoors 1.798
## Summed_PA_min 1.261
## Smoking 2.595
## Disability -0.336
## Deprivation_Index -2.839
## Population_density 0.508
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.143104
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.854801
## BMI 0.342414
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.304390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000866
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.96e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.029164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001069
## Income 3.59e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.072246
## Summed_PA_min 0.207329
## Smoking 0.009463
## Disability 0.736925
## Deprivation_Index 0.004533
## Population_density 0.611169
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07277, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07104
## F-statistic: 42.24 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.549206807
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.390379139
## Age 3.539890838
## Sex -0.692999113
## BMI -0.231301952
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.699827266
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.624540408
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.221731091
## EducationNone of the above 7.488888807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.147950357
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.368489279
## Income -1.322556339
## Average_time_outdoors -0.021346644
## Summed_PA_min -0.001577034
## Smoking 0.200809493
## Disability -1.032439499
## Deprivation_Index -0.062571668
## Population_density -0.603266839
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.777720389
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.056512626
## Age 4.615652966
## Sex 0.835715815
## BMI 0.665845157
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.530943196
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.268081797
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.245888988
## EducationNone of the above 11.885562177
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.768014901
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.456027478
## Income -0.587449966
## Average_time_outdoors 0.493824640
## Summed_PA_min 0.007265585
## Smoking 1.440207490
## Disability 0.730339225
## Deprivation_Index -0.011459120
## Population_density 1.025797540Association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.3032, -2.4748, 0.2909, 2.7957, 17.5087
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 19.2587015
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0763465
## Age -2.3665938
## Sex 0.0276721
## BMI -0.0004921
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2925091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.4101328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.0763133
## EducationNone of the above -1.4857498
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.3501182
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0872918
## Income 0.3692304
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2017378
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0202170
## Age 0.0653343
## Sex 0.0926415
## BMI 0.0543201
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1364082
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834924
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2459021
## EducationNone of the above 0.2673502
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1601739
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2502617
## Income 0.0443751
## t value
## (Intercept) 95.464
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.776
## Age -36.223
## Sex 0.299
## BMI -0.009
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.144
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.974
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.377
## EducationNone of the above -5.557
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -2.186
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.345
## Income 8.321
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00016
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.76518
## BMI 0.99277
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.03203
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.67e-07
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.22e-05
## EducationNone of the above 2.82e-08
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.02885
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.41e-05
## Income < 2e-16
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.287 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1895, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1885
## F-statistic: 194.6 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 18.86325035
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.03671678
## Age -2.49466361
## Sex -0.15392595
## BMI -0.10697165
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02511871
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.96584122
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.55833620
## EducationNone of the above -2.00981588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.66409481
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.57786066
## Income 0.28224526
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.65415270
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.11597630
## Age -2.23852402
## Sex 0.20927017
## BMI 0.10598740
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55989953
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.85442432
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.59429038
## EducationNone of the above -0.96168381
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.03614168
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.59672292
## Income 0.45621550Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.7309, -2.4487, 0.3098, 2.7826, 16.7792
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4731781
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1049642
## Age -2.3017839
## Sex -0.0647237
## BMI -0.0003595
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2575920
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2375398
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9552446
## EducationNone of the above -1.2323779
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2744497
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0226342
## Income 0.3158093
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1683762
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017416
## Smoking -0.2049351
## Disability -0.3315875
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035700
## Population_density -0.1259416
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2579946
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0272662
## Age 0.0656356
## Sex 0.0932716
## BMI 0.0547377
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1361062
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2833167
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2455262
## EducationNone of the above 0.2682545
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1598582
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2493933
## Income 0.0448511
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314322
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005395
## Smoking 0.0756195
## Disability 0.1075525
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031185
## Population_density 0.0993942
## t value
## (Intercept) 79.355
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.850
## Age -35.069
## Sex -0.694
## BMI -0.007
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.368
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.891
## EducationNone of the above -4.594
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.717
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.100
## Income 7.041
## Average_time_outdoors -5.357
## Summed_PA_min -3.228
## Smoking -2.710
## Disability -3.083
## Deprivation_Index -1.145
## Population_density -1.267
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000119
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.487746
## BMI 0.994760
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.058445
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.27e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000101
## EducationNone of the above 4.41e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.086044
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.16e-05
## Income 2.04e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.68e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001251
## Smoking 0.006739
## Disability 0.002055
## Deprivation_Index 0.252333
## Population_density 0.205155
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.27 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1964, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1949
## F-statistic: 131.5 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.967451090
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.051516251
## Age -2.430444220
## Sex -0.247556801
## BMI -0.107657594
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.009206467
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.792903879
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.436530833
## EducationNone of the above -1.758216755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.587807474
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.511500698
## Income 0.227891155
## Average_time_outdoors -0.229990279
## Summed_PA_min -0.002799142
## Smoking -0.353166119
## Disability -0.542414459
## Deprivation_Index -0.009683033
## Population_density -0.320776479
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.9789051429
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1584120858
## Age -2.1731235461
## Sex 0.1181094974
## BMI 0.1069386373
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5243904535
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6821758025
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4739583508
## EducationNone of the above -0.7065391351
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0389080015
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5337677439
## Income 0.4037274876
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1067620869
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006840011
## Smoking -0.0567039925
## Disability -0.1207604545
## Deprivation_Index 0.0025430109
## Population_density 0.0688932561Moderation by sex: association of natural environment with TMT (B-A) (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.538, -10.381, -2.423, 7.011, 176.088
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.662969
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.169454
## Sex -1.122815
## Age 4.081136
## BMI 0.215167
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.583652
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.961498
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.244276
## EducationNone of the above 9.663189
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.446051
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.408938
## Income -0.952674
## Average_time_outdoors 0.239930
## Summed_PA_min 0.002838
## Smoking 0.822732
## Disability -0.148156
## Deprivation_Index -0.037013
## Population_density 0.214798
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.250516
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.078507
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.113995
## Sex 0.890580
## Age 0.274389
## BMI 0.228827
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568971
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026409
## EducationNone of the above 1.121513
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668311
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042553
## Income 0.187500
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131421
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.316119
## Disability 0.449611
## Deprivation_Index 0.013037
## Population_density 0.415509
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.167970
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.722
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -1.487
## Sex -1.261
## Age 14.874
## BMI 0.940
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.026
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.058
## EducationNone of the above 8.616
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.270
## Income -5.081
## Average_time_outdoors 1.826
## Summed_PA_min 1.258
## Smoking 2.603
## Disability -0.330
## Deprivation_Index -2.839
## Population_density 0.517
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 1.491
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.137179
## Sex 0.207424
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.347087
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.305012
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000827
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.81e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.030510
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001080
## Income 3.83e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.067934
## Summed_PA_min 0.208311
## Smoking 0.009267
## Disability 0.741771
## Deprivation_Index 0.004533
## Population_density 0.605203
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.135883
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07299, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07117
## F-statistic: 40.02 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.548853871
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.392909997
## Sex -2.868550465
## Age 3.543273190
## BMI -0.233385201
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.698962889
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.639796938
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.232284368
## EducationNone of the above 7.464772170
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.136012330
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.365300878
## Income -1.320215325
## Average_time_outdoors -0.017684099
## Summed_PA_min -0.001583066
## Smoking 0.203067599
## Disability -1.029494161
## Deprivation_Index -0.062567346
## Population_density -0.599693275
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.078743281
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.777084833
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.054001022
## Sex 0.622920449
## Age 4.618999725
## BMI 0.663718964
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.531659337
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.283199363
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.256267155
## EducationNone of the above 11.861605484
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.756089369
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.452575005
## Income -0.585132621
## Average_time_outdoors 0.497544090
## Summed_PA_min 0.007258978
## Smoking 1.442396483
## Disability 0.733183085
## Deprivation_Index -0.011458216
## Population_density 1.029288610
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.579775228Moderation by sex: association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.7293, -2.4524, 0.3082, 2.7814, 16.7602
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.4731211
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1046734
## Sex -0.2024285
## Age -2.3013959
## BMI -0.0006022
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2576831
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2357886
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9540377
## EducationNone of the above -1.2351497
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2758256
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0230171
## Income 0.3160779
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1679506
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017423
## Smoking -0.2046786
## Disability -0.3312537
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035697
## Population_density -0.1255343
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0288880
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2580014
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0272700
## Sex 0.2130452
## Age 0.0656395
## BMI 0.0547402
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1361098
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2833347
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2455385
## EducationNone of the above 0.2682893
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1598739
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2494004
## Income 0.0448538
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314386
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005395
## Smoking 0.0756223
## Disability 0.1075564
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031186
## Population_density 0.0993985
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0401820
## t value
## (Intercept) 79.353
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.838
## Sex -0.950
## Age -35.061
## BMI -0.011
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.893
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.885
## EducationNone of the above -4.604
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.725
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.102
## Income 7.047
## Average_time_outdoors -5.342
## Summed_PA_min -3.229
## Smoking -2.707
## Disability -3.080
## Deprivation_Index -1.145
## Population_density -1.263
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.719
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.000125
## Sex 0.342053
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.991223
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.058363
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.31e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000103
## EducationNone of the above 4.20e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.084513
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.13e-05
## Income 1.96e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 9.40e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001245
## Smoking 0.006810
## Disability 0.002077
## Deprivation_Index 0.252386
## Population_density 0.206643
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.472203
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.27 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1964, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1949
## F-statistic: 124.3 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.967380713
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.051218228
## Sex -0.620044705
## Age -2.430063987
## BMI -0.107905173
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.009122503
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.791187799
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.435347952
## EducationNone of the above -1.761056712
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.589214108
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.511897620
## Income 0.228154370
## Average_time_outdoors -0.229577211
## Summed_PA_min -0.002799901
## Smoking -0.352915277
## Disability -0.542088205
## Deprivation_Index -0.009682894
## Population_density -0.320377466
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.049877686
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.978861533
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.158128643
## Sex 0.215187783
## Age -2.172727818
## BMI 0.106700809
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.524488745
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.680389327
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.472727545
## EducationNone of the above -0.709242702
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.037562834
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.534136608
## Income 0.404001447
## Average_time_outdoors -0.106323908
## Summed_PA_min -0.000684700
## Smoking -0.056442022
## Disability -0.120419133
## Deprivation_Index 0.002543474
## Population_density 0.069308894
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1076536439.2.2) 300m natural environment buffer
Association of natural environment (300m buffer) with Trail-making Test (B-A)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.734, -10.406, -2.452, 6.989, 175.803
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.381755
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.112072
## Age 4.073158
## Sex 0.089566
## BMI 0.214924
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.559091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.933304
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.232788
## EducationNone of the above 9.689816
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.454420
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.413046
## Income -0.946401
## Average_time_outdoors 0.237955
## Summed_PA_min 0.002798
## Smoking 0.831207
## Disability -0.143590
## Deprivation_Index -0.037113
## Population_density 0.098042
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.055258
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.102294
## Age 0.274379
## Sex 0.389667
## BMI 0.228839
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568590
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184457
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026608
## EducationNone of the above 1.121595
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668391
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042734
## Income 0.187471
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131447
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.315965
## Disability 0.449643
## Deprivation_Index 0.013038
## Population_density 0.409265
## t value
## (Intercept) 25.000
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.096
## Age 14.845
## Sex 0.230
## BMI 0.939
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.983
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.321
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.045
## EducationNone of the above 8.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.176
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.273
## Income -5.048
## Average_time_outdoors 1.810
## Summed_PA_min 1.241
## Smoking 2.631
## Disability -0.319
## Deprivation_Index -2.847
## Population_density 0.240
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.273285
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.818212
## BMI 0.347657
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.325489
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.000901
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.98e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.029581
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.001067
## Income 4.54e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.070285
## Summed_PA_min 0.214687
## Smoking 0.008535
## Disability 0.749474
## Deprivation_Index 0.004430
## Population_density 0.810679
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07267, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07095
## F-statistic: 42.18 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.313214098
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.312590826
## Age 3.535313556
## Sex -0.674268685
## BMI -0.233651339
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.673654192
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.611504515
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.220407104
## EducationNone of the above 7.491239712
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.144224256
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.369055455
## Income -1.313886331
## Average_time_outdoors -0.019709795
## Summed_PA_min -0.001622318
## Smoking 0.211845810
## Disability -1.024989698
## Deprivation_Index -0.062671216
## Population_density -0.704208790
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.45029561
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.08844608
## Age 4.61100308
## Sex 0.85339985
## BMI 0.66349840
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.55547311
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.25510345
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.24516931
## EducationNone of the above 11.88839162
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.76461534
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.45703653
## Income -0.57891609
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49561962
## Summed_PA_min 0.00721920
## Smoking 1.45056908
## Disability 0.73780996
## Deprivation_Index -0.01155550
## Population_density 0.90029339Association of natural environment (300m buffer) with Symbol Digit Substitution
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.6608, -2.4665, 0.3111, 2.7845, 16.8734
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6583829
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0533742
## Age -2.2985292
## Sex -0.0768605
## BMI 0.0017894
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2400243
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2289340
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9507641
## EducationNone of the above -1.2314128
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2692843
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0204769
## Income 0.3107112
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1689176
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017091
## Smoking -0.2133681
## Disability -0.3360756
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035189
## Population_density -0.0097173
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2525418
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0244807
## Age 0.0656638
## Sex 0.0932542
## BMI 0.0547651
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1360736
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2456854
## EducationNone of the above 0.2684173
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1599577
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2495445
## Income 0.0448651
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314575
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005397
## Smoking 0.0756159
## Disability 0.1076074
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031203
## Population_density 0.0979444
## t value
## (Intercept) 81.802
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.180
## Age -35.005
## Sex -0.824
## BMI 0.033
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.764
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.335
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.870
## EducationNone of the above -4.588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.683
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.089
## Income 6.925
## Average_time_outdoors -5.370
## Summed_PA_min -3.167
## Smoking -2.822
## Disability -3.123
## Deprivation_Index -1.128
## Population_density -0.099
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.02926
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex 0.40984
## BMI 0.97394
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.07778
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.47e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.00011
## EducationNone of the above 4.54e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.09232
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.36e-05
## Income 4.64e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.08e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.00155
## Smoking 0.00479
## Disability 0.00179
## Deprivation_Index 0.25946
## Population_density 0.92097
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.273 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1955, Adjusted R-squared: 0.194
## F-statistic: 130.8 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.163344718
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005386599
## Age -2.427244959
## Sex -0.259659503
## BMI -0.105562489
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.026710424
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.784581532
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.432362372
## EducationNone of the above -1.757570707
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.582837173
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.509639866
## Income 0.222765535
## Average_time_outdoors -0.230581328
## Summed_PA_min -0.002767065
## Smoking -0.361592281
## Disability -0.547010143
## Deprivation_Index -0.009635304
## Population_density -0.201710100
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.1534211640
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1013617919
## Age -2.1698135152
## Sex 0.1059384759
## BMI 0.1091412388
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5067589881
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6732865479
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4691659134
## EducationNone of the above -0.7052548349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0442685511
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5313140179
## Income 0.3986568551
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1072539242
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006511342
## Smoking -0.0651439919
## Disability -0.1251411489
## Deprivation_Index 0.0025975861
## Population_density 0.1822755210Moderation by sex: association of natural environment (300m buffer) with TMT (B-A)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -134.285, -10.387, -2.448, 7.049, 176.402
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 26.368445
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.113747
## Sex -1.249872
## Age 4.065600
## BMI 0.216172
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.559340
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.940362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.252089
## EducationNone of the above 9.663659
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.442596
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.390594
## Income -0.942762
## Average_time_outdoors 0.246941
## Summed_PA_min 0.002706
## Smoking 0.827869
## Disability -0.135765
## Deprivation_Index -0.036921
## Population_density 0.104181
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.353851
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.055024
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.102272
## Sex 0.698684
## Age 0.274334
## BMI 0.228785
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.568456
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.184180
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.026399
## EducationNone of the above 1.121386
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.668252
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.042532
## Income 0.187433
## Average_time_outdoors 0.131473
## Summed_PA_min 0.002255
## Smoking 0.315893
## Disability 0.449549
## Deprivation_Index 0.013035
## Population_density 0.409177
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.153222
## t value
## (Intercept) 24.993
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.112
## Sex -1.789
## Age 14.820
## BMI 0.945
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.984
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.066
## EducationNone of the above 8.618
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.159
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.252
## Income -5.030
## Average_time_outdoors 1.878
## Summed_PA_min 1.200
## Smoking 2.621
## Disability -0.302
## Deprivation_Index -2.832
## Population_density 0.255
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.309
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.26608
## Sex 0.07367
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.34475
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.32516
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.00088
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.72e-12
## EducationNone of the above < 2e-16
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.03089
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.00115
## Income 5.00e-07
## Average_time_outdoors 0.06038
## Summed_PA_min 0.23013
## Smoking 0.00879
## Disability 0.76266
## Deprivation_Index 0.00463
## Population_density 0.79903
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.02094
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex .
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications **
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors .
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking **
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index **
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.85 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.07321, Adjusted R-squared: 0.07139
## F-statistic: 40.15 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 24.300362655
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.314223488
## Sex -2.619448954
## Age 3.527844438
## BMI -0.232298112
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.673639924
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.619104411
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.240117575
## EducationNone of the above 7.465490868
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.132671955
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.346998494
## Income -1.310173480
## Average_time_outdoors -0.010775323
## Summed_PA_min -0.001714116
## Smoking 0.208647807
## Disability -1.016981293
## Deprivation_Index -0.062473344
## Population_density -0.697897157
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.053502038
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 28.436526650
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.086728581
## Sex 0.119705869
## Age 4.603355892
## BMI 0.664641774
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.554959795
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.261619681
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 9.264060528
## EducationNone of the above 11.861826243
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.752519699
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.434189679
## Income -0.575351234
## Average_time_outdoors 0.504657926
## Summed_PA_min 0.007126692
## Smoking 1.447090842
## Disability 0.745451172
## Deprivation_Index -0.011368688
## Population_density 0.906259089
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.654199467Moderation by sex: association of natural environment (300m buffer) with Symbol Digit Substitution
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -22.658, -2.4634, 0.311, 2.7799, 16.8683
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 20.6580619
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0533338
## Sex -0.1091690
## Age -2.2987115
## BMI 0.0018195
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.2400183
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.2287638
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.9502986
## EducationNone of the above -1.2320437
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.2695695
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.0210185
## Income 0.3107990
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1687009
## Summed_PA_min -0.0017113
## Smoking -0.2134487
## Disability -0.3358869
## Deprivation_Index -0.0035142
## Population_density -0.0095692
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0085352
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.2525586
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0244826
## Sex 0.1672557
## Age 0.0656719
## BMI 0.0547681
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1360807
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.2834769
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.2457062
## EducationNone of the above 0.2684449
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.1599707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.2495682
## Income 0.0448690
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0314729
## Summed_PA_min 0.0005398
## Smoking 0.0756206
## Disability 0.1076160
## Deprivation_Index 0.0031205
## Population_density 0.0979515
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0366792
## t value
## (Intercept) 81.795
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.178
## Sex -0.653
## Age -35.003
## BMI 0.033
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.764
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -4.335
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -3.868
## EducationNone of the above -4.590
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.685
## EducationOther professional qualifications -4.091
## Income 6.927
## Average_time_outdoors -5.360
## Summed_PA_min -3.170
## Smoking -2.823
## Disability -3.121
## Deprivation_Index -1.126
## Population_density -0.098
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.233
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.029399
## Sex 0.513962
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.973499
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.077800
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.48e-05
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.000111
## EducationNone of the above 4.50e-06
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.092000
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.33e-05
## Income 4.59e-12
## Average_time_outdoors 8.52e-08
## Summed_PA_min 0.001529
## Smoking 0.004774
## Disability 0.001807
## Deprivation_Index 0.260123
## Population_density 0.922178
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.816001
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent ***
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent ***
## EducationNone of the above ***
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent .
## EducationOther professional qualifications ***
## Income ***
## Average_time_outdoors ***
## Summed_PA_min **
## Smoking **
## Disability **
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.273 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1955, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1939
## F-statistic: 123.5 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.162990681
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.005342506
## Sex -0.437027507
## Age -2.427443085
## BMI -0.105538229
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.026730239
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -1.784441865
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -1.431937685
## EducationNone of the above -1.758255687
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.583147794
## EducationOther professional qualifications -1.510227990
## Income 0.222845652
## Average_time_outdoors -0.230394784
## Summed_PA_min -0.002769508
## Smoking -0.361682015
## Disability -0.546838300
## Deprivation_Index -0.009631105
## Population_density -0.201576008
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.063364265
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 21.1531330927
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1013250755
## Sex 0.2186895697
## Age -2.1699800086
## BMI 0.1091771992
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.5067667654
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6730857208
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.4686594917
## EducationNone of the above -0.7058317221
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0440087619
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.5318090150
## Income 0.3987522826
## Average_time_outdoors -0.1070069486
## Summed_PA_min -0.0006531366
## Smoking -0.0652152948
## Disability -0.1249355093
## Deprivation_Index 0.0026026667
## Population_density 0.1824375697
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.080434675910) Sensitivity analyses for brain volumes
10.1) Greenspace percentage instead of natural environment percentage
10.1.1) 1000m greenspace buffer
Association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with grey matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -169.882, -23.196, 0.437, 24.015, 175.589
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.1015
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.4533
## Age -37.1768
## Sex 23.9573
## BMI -5.1525
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.6088
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.8213
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.6814
## EducationNone of the above 4.3628
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.8417
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.1920
## Income -0.3800
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.4232
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1279
## Age 0.4772
## Sex 0.6853
## BMI 0.3978
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.0143
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.1004
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.8006
## EducationNone of the above 2.0102
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.1908
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.8494
## Income 0.3248
## t value
## (Intercept) 555.846
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.543
## Age -77.899
## Sex 34.956
## BMI -12.953
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.586
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.295
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.489
## EducationNone of the above 2.170
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.707
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.267
## Income -1.170
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000397
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.112744
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.021729
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.136468
## EducationNone of the above 0.029997
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.479676
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.023425
## Income 0.242082
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.49 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4519, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4513
## F-statistic: 857 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.3117144
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.2025284
## Age -38.1122277
## Sex 22.6138626
## BMI -5.9322661
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.5969815
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.7040888
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.8480647
## EducationNone of the above 0.4225870
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.4924621
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5669451
## Income -1.0167298
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 793.8913000
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.7040734
## Age -36.2412821
## Sex 25.3006609
## BMI -4.3727674
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3794210
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.9384154
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.2108699
## EducationNone of the above 8.3030644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.1758938
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.8171422
## Income 0.2567176Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.019, -22.864, 0.247, 24.055, 178.525
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.563226
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.624306
## Age -36.934604
## Sex 23.674363
## BMI -4.963924
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.853993
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.171033
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.038026
## EducationNone of the above 5.044845
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.021188
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.279764
## Income -0.445781
## Average_time_outdoors 0.199942
## Summed_PA_min -0.004372
## Smoking -5.073240
## Disability -1.313960
## Deprivation_Index -0.011630
## Population_density -1.615714
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.875610
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.170492
## Age 0.479298
## Sex 0.689665
## BMI 0.401094
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012260
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.099065
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796939
## EducationNone of the above 2.014349
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.188062
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.843208
## Income 0.327876
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233954
## Summed_PA_min 0.004030
## Smoking 0.553593
## Disability 0.797864
## Deprivation_Index 0.023157
## Population_density 0.726448
## t value
## (Intercept) 426.828
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.662
## Age -77.060
## Sex 34.327
## BMI -12.376
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.832
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.463
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.691
## EducationNone of the above 2.504
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.860
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.322
## Income -1.360
## Average_time_outdoors 0.855
## Summed_PA_min -1.085
## Smoking -9.164
## Disability -1.647
## Deprivation_Index -0.502
## Population_density -2.224
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000252
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.067046
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.013774
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.090928
## EducationNone of the above 0.012278
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.390060
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.020255
## Income 0.173982
## Average_time_outdoors 0.392779
## Summed_PA_min 0.278013
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.099617
## Deprivation_Index 0.615517
## Population_density 0.026159
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4563, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4555
## F-statistic: 564.4 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 796.88670890
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.29011160
## Age -37.87410963
## Sex 22.32250172
## BMI -5.75013802
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.83819541
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.05650552
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.48428186
## EducationNone of the above 1.09637560
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.30761698
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.66675934
## Income -1.08847361
## Average_time_outdoors -0.25864820
## Summed_PA_min -0.01227226
## Smoking -6.15837647
## Disability -2.87791059
## Deprivation_Index -0.05702284
## Population_density -3.03967708
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.239742877
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.958500423
## Age -35.995097786
## Sex 25.026225130
## BMI -4.177710371
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.130209620
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.285561006
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.560334423
## EducationNone of the above 8.993314080
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.349992928
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.892769063
## Income 0.196911596
## Average_time_outdoors 0.658533006
## Summed_PA_min 0.003527808
## Smoking -3.988103769
## Disability 0.249990624
## Deprivation_Index 0.033762209
## Population_density -0.191751039Association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with white matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.502, -26.165, -1.059, 24.502, 182.085
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.4279
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.3916
## Age -17.3220
## Sex -9.3690
## BMI 0.3295
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.5623
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.9978
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.2924
## EducationNone of the above 3.6839
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.7411
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.2342
## Income -0.2858
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.5438
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1388
## Age 0.5177
## Sex 0.7434
## BMI 0.4315
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1002
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.2784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.9531
## EducationNone of the above 2.1804
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.2917
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0061
## Income 0.3523
## t value
## (Intercept) 454.995
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.822
## Age -33.461
## Sex -12.603
## BMI 0.764
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.329
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.438
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.150
## EducationNone of the above 1.690
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.574
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.615
## Income -0.811
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00479
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.44513
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.01988
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.66142
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88101
## EducationNone of the above 0.09114
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56615
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.53842
## Income 0.41727
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11436 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1012, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 117 on 11 and 11436 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.4017308
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.1195505
## Age -18.3366795
## Sex -10.8261838
## BMI -0.5163213
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.7188971
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.4681364
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.1208449
## EducationNone of the above -0.5901045
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.2730270
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.6980277
## Income -0.9764940
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 705.4540126
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6635858
## Age -16.3072294
## Sex -7.9117629
## BMI 1.1752964
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.4056182
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.4637931
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.5361148
## EducationNone of the above 7.9579982
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.7908268
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.1663979
## Income 0.4048384Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.155, -26.235, -1.27, 24.314, 179.474
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.481168
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.518381
## Age -17.250013
## Sex -9.428363
## BMI 0.434655
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.540336
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.950197
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.332901
## EducationNone of the above 3.645607
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.752264
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.276914
## Income -0.278132
## Average_time_outdoors 0.002700
## Summed_PA_min 0.002865
## Smoking -0.639668
## Disability -1.111413
## Deprivation_Index -0.036896
## Population_density -0.907740
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.042280
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.185643
## Age 0.521889
## Sex 0.750950
## BMI 0.436736
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102211
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285591
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956618
## EducationNone of the above 2.193347
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293635
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.006999
## Income 0.357011
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254744
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602786
## Disability 0.868764
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.791002
## t value
## (Intercept) 344.948
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.792
## Age -33.053
## Sex -12.555
## BMI 0.995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.305
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.416
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.170
## EducationNone of the above 1.662
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.582
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.636
## Income -0.779
## Average_time_outdoors 0.011
## Summed_PA_min 0.653
## Smoking -1.061
## Disability -1.279
## Deprivation_Index -1.463
## Population_density -1.148
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00524
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.31964
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02120
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.67761
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.86490
## EducationNone of the above 0.09652
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56091
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.52464
## Income 0.43596
## Average_time_outdoors 0.99154
## Summed_PA_min 0.51384
## Smoking 0.28863
## Disability 0.20082
## Deprivation_Index 0.14343
## Population_density 0.25116
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.49 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 76.11 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.477950023
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.154489322
## Age -18.273005195
## Sex -10.900353775
## BMI -0.421423234
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.700857795
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.529954753
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.168207401
## EducationNone of the above -0.653729251
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.288010325
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.657148554
## Income -0.977934817
## Average_time_outdoors -0.496641556
## Summed_PA_min -0.005736868
## Smoking -1.821231098
## Disability -2.814339043
## Deprivation_Index -0.086321956
## Population_density -2.458238546
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.48438658
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.88227226
## Age -16.22702130
## Sex -7.95637310
## BMI 1.29073290
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.37981383
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.43034801
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.50240497
## EducationNone of the above 7.94494405
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.78348239
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.21097617
## Income 0.42167182
## Average_time_outdoors 0.50204187
## Summed_PA_min 0.01146722
## Smoking 0.54189557
## Disability 0.59151257
## Deprivation_Index 0.01253040
## Population_density 0.64275885Association of greenspace (buffered to 1000m) with hippocampal volume (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5874, -0.3089, 0.0246, 0.3407, 5.6648
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.915e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 8.563e-05
## Age -2.188e-01
## Sex 2.823e-01
## BMI -1.664e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.596e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.497e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.704e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.107e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.588e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.565e-02
## Income 3.514e-05
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.108e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.894e-03
## Age 7.065e-03
## Sex 1.015e-02
## BMI 5.890e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.113e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.666e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.976e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.763e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.738e-02
## Income 4.810e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 233.229
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.045
## Age -30.974
## Sex 27.820
## BMI -2.825
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.729
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.766
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.140
## EducationNone of the above 1.716
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.035
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.572
## Income 0.007
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.96394
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.00474
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.08390
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03238
## EducationNone of the above 0.08614
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.04186
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.56765
## Income 0.99417
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI **
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5253 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1636, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 203.3 on 11 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.874104099
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -0.003627062
## Age -0.232671550
## Sex 0.262406189
## BMI -0.028181907
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.003477089
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.006046037
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.004791438
## EducationNone of the above -0.007258136
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.001321399
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.038017210
## Income -0.009392575
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.956727282
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.003798328
## Age -0.204975555
## Sex 0.302186869
## BMI -0.005092691
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.055401785
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.115988081
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.109288289
## EducationNone of the above 0.109399989
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.070442711
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.069311348
## Income 0.009462859Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6158, -0.3104, 0.0246, 0.339, 5.6406
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.273e-03
## Age -2.166e-01
## Sex 2.796e-01
## BMI -1.366e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.451e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.573e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.859e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.403e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.678e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.605e-02
## Income -3.965e-04
## Average_time_outdoors -8.007e-06
## Summed_PA_min 6.114e-05
## Smoking -3.754e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.560e-05
## Population_density -1.233e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.785e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.532e-03
## Age 7.116e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.473e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.220e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.079e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 178.750
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.503
## Age -30.442
## Sex 27.300
## BMI -2.294
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.631
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.786
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.196
## EducationNone of the above 1.807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.085
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.081
## Average_time_outdoors -0.002
## Summed_PA_min 1.022
## Smoking -4.568
## Disability -1.871
## Deprivation_Index 0.191
## Population_density -1.143
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6150
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0218
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1030
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0741
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0281
## EducationNone of the above 0.0708
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0371
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5575
## Income 0.9351
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9982
## Summed_PA_min 0.3069
## Smoking 4.98e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8487
## Population_density 0.2530
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924100e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -3.689250e-03
## Age -2.305623e-01
## Sex 2.594936e-01
## BMI -2.533834e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.954517e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.423429e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.292335e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.590076e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.203203e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.759028e-02
## Income -9.940122e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.816619e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.614812e-05
## Smoking -5.365679e-02
## Disability -4.539523e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.084138e-04
## Population_density -3.347245e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0332925131
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.0062359466
## Age -0.2026662382
## Sex 0.2996398121
## BMI -0.0019900310
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0539777450
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168803491
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1108804975
## EducationNone of the above 0.1126514985
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0713660575
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0696917738
## Income 0.0091471803
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068006043
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001784326
## Smoking -0.0214327628
## Disability 0.0010616439
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007396142
## Population_density 0.0088116145Moderation by sex: Grey Matter (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.961, -22.812, 0.231, 24.041, 178.839
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.569375
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.633534
## Sex 26.378095
## Age -36.943359
## BMI -4.964385
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.877046
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.125468
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.989042
## EducationNone of the above 5.112315
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.031164
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.289145
## Income -0.447281
## Average_time_outdoors 0.187739
## Summed_PA_min -0.004363
## Smoking -5.080611
## Disability -1.318477
## Deprivation_Index -0.011743
## Population_density -1.623409
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.612674
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.875216
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.170499
## Sex 1.315721
## Age 0.479210
## BMI 0.401010
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.012091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098707
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796675
## EducationNone of the above 2.014118
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.187818
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.842824
## Income 0.327807
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233960
## Summed_PA_min 0.004029
## Smoking 0.553484
## Disability 0.797698
## Deprivation_Index 0.023153
## Population_density 0.726302
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.253926
## t value
## (Intercept) 426.921
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 3.716
## Sex 20.048
## Age -77.092
## BMI -12.380
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.855
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.442
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.664
## EducationNone of the above 2.538
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.868
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.327
## Income -1.364
## Average_time_outdoors 0.802
## Summed_PA_min -1.083
## Smoking -9.179
## Disability -1.653
## Deprivation_Index -0.507
## Population_density -2.235
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -2.413
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.000204
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.063676
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.014613
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.096209
## EducationNone of the above 0.011154
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.385349
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.019957
## Income 0.172449
## Average_time_outdoors 0.422315
## Summed_PA_min 0.278972
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.098388
## Deprivation_Index 0.612009
## Population_density 0.025425
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.015846
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt ***
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4558
## F-statistic: 533.6 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 796.89362998
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.29932552
## Sex 23.79905502
## Age -37.88269389
## BMI -5.75043338
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.86091846
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.01164091
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.53274875
## EducationNone of the above 1.16429742
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.29716372
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.67689394
## Income -1.08983889
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27086255
## Summed_PA_min -0.01226097
## Smoking -6.16553469
## Disability -2.88210251
## Deprivation_Index -0.05712654
## Population_density -3.04708525
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.11041241
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.245120402
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.967741583
## Sex 28.957134497
## Age -36.004024366
## BMI -4.178337090
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.106826653
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.239294449
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.510831910
## EducationNone of the above 9.060331907
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.359492366
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.901396179
## Income 0.195277609
## Average_time_outdoors 0.646339638
## Summed_PA_min 0.003535775
## Smoking -3.995686532
## Disability 0.245147821
## Deprivation_Index 0.033639546
## Population_density -0.199732230
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.114936463Moderation by sex: White Matter (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.312, -26.203, -1.204, 24.361, 179.079
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 704.483245
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.521497
## Sex -8.515382
## Age -17.252970
## BMI 0.434499
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.548120
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.934810
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.349442
## EducationNone of the above 3.668390
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.748895
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.280081
## Income -0.278638
## Average_time_outdoors -0.001421
## Summed_PA_min 0.002868
## Smoking -0.642157
## Disability -1.112939
## Deprivation_Index -0.036934
## Population_density -0.910338
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.206885
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.042321
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.185693
## Sex 1.432968
## Age 0.521914
## BMI 0.436745
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.102281
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285728
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956780
## EducationNone of the above 2.193601
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293668
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007042
## Income 0.357019
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254808
## Summed_PA_min 0.004388
## Smoking 0.602806
## Disability 0.868783
## Deprivation_Index 0.025216
## Population_density 0.791024
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.276554
## t value
## (Intercept) 344.943
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.808
## Sex -5.942
## Age -33.057
## BMI 0.995
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.312
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.409
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.179
## EducationNone of the above 1.672
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.579
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.638
## Income -0.780
## Average_time_outdoors -0.006
## Summed_PA_min 0.654
## Smoking -1.065
## Disability -1.281
## Deprivation_Index -1.465
## Population_density -1.151
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.748
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.00499
## Sex 2.89e-09
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.31983
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02081
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.68256
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.85827
## EducationNone of the above 0.09449
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.56267
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.52362
## Income 0.43514
## Average_time_outdoors 0.99555
## Summed_PA_min 0.51337
## Smoking 0.28677
## Disability 0.20021
## Deprivation_Index 0.14303
## Population_density 0.24982
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.45443
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1003
## F-statistic: 71.91 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 700.479945633
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.157506635
## Sex -11.324245542
## Age -18.276010726
## BMI -0.421595512
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.708780134
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.545608840
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.185067096
## EducationNone of the above -0.631443687
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.284705802
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.654065454
## Income -0.978455951
## Average_time_outdoors -0.500888848
## Summed_PA_min -0.005733786
## Smoking -1.823760696
## Disability -2.815901953
## Deprivation_Index -0.086361230
## Population_density -2.460881675
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.748977178
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 708.48654390
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.88548676
## Sex -5.70651800
## Age -16.22992873
## BMI 1.29059382
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.38746033
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.41522941
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.48618288
## EducationNone of the above 7.96822419
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.78691538
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.21422843
## Income 0.42118017
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49804729
## Summed_PA_min 0.01147064
## Smoking 0.53944751
## Disability 0.59002468
## Deprivation_Index 0.01249323
## Population_density 0.64020538
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.33520787Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6146, -0.3101, 0.0245, 0.3388, 5.6413
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 1.285e-03
## Sex 2.830e-01
## Age -2.166e-01
## BMI -1.366e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.448e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.567e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.852e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.412e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.680e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.606e-02
## Income -3.984e-04
## Average_time_outdoors -2.354e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.115e-05
## Smoking -3.755e-02
## Disability -2.217e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.546e-05
## Population_density -1.234e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -7.752e-04
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.785e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 2.532e-03
## Sex 1.954e-02
## Age 7.116e-03
## BMI 5.956e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.503e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.737e-02
## Income 4.869e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.474e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.984e-05
## Smoking 8.220e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.439e-04
## Population_density 1.079e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 3.771e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 178.743
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.507
## Sex 14.481
## Age -30.441
## BMI -2.294
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.628
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.784
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.193
## EducationNone of the above 1.809
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.086
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.587
## Income -0.082
## Average_time_outdoors -0.007
## Summed_PA_min 1.022
## Smoking -4.569
## Disability -1.871
## Deprivation_Index 0.190
## Population_density -1.144
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.206
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.6119
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0218
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1035
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0744
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0283
## EducationNone of the above 0.0704
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0370
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5573
## Income 0.9348
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9946
## Summed_PA_min 0.3068
## Smoking 4.96e-06
## Disability 0.0614
## Deprivation_Index 0.8490
## Population_density 0.2526
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.8371
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5249 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1643
## F-statistic: 126 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924107e+00
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt -3.678994e-03
## Sex 2.446812e-01
## Age -2.305744e-01
## BMI -2.533937e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.986879e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.491137e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.224269e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.513203e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.213838e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.758146e-02
## Income -9.942510e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.834053e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.614296e-05
## Smoking -5.366746e-02
## Disability -4.540174e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.085786e-04
## Population_density -3.348347e-02
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -8.167627e-03
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0333044344
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt 0.0062491370
## Sex 0.3212949696
## Age -0.2026763830
## BMI -0.0019900838
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0539505870
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168235332
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1108236048
## EducationNone of the above 0.1127444742
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0713799889
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0697052978
## Income 0.0091456291
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0067869647
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001784477
## Smoking -0.0214415461
## Disability 0.0010571945
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007395083
## Population_density 0.0088027923
## Greenspace_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.006617194710.1.2) 300m greenspace buffer
Association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with grey matter volume (significant)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.197, -22.718, 0.254, 23.921, 179.9
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.667833
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.678362
## Age -36.911295
## Sex 23.630188
## BMI -4.952758
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.955832
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.143543
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.936738
## EducationNone of the above 4.976050
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.028844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.302379
## Income -0.480944
## Average_time_outdoors 0.184629
## Summed_PA_min -0.004318
## Smoking -5.112520
## Disability -1.356159
## Deprivation_Index -0.010403
## Population_density -1.694276
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.866954
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.159504
## Age 0.478933
## Sex 0.689335
## BMI 0.400982
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.011052
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.098628
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.796723
## EducationNone of the above 2.013929
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.187779
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.842816
## Income 0.327920
## Average_time_outdoors 0.233998
## Summed_PA_min 0.004029
## Smoking 0.552797
## Disability 0.797769
## Deprivation_Index 0.023151
## Population_density 0.695494
## t value
## (Intercept) 429.399
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 4.253
## Age -77.070
## Sex 34.280
## BMI -12.352
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.934
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.451
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.634
## EducationNone of the above 2.471
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.866
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.335
## Income -1.467
## Average_time_outdoors 0.789
## Summed_PA_min -1.072
## Smoking -9.248
## Disability -1.700
## Deprivation_Index -0.449
## Population_density -2.436
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.13e-05
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0531
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0143
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1022
## EducationNone of the above 0.0135
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.3864
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0196
## Income 0.1425
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4301
## Summed_PA_min 0.2839
## Smoking < 2e-16
## Disability 0.0892
## Deprivation_Index 0.6532
## Population_density 0.0149
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt ***
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent *
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above *
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.35 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4566, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4558
## F-statistic: 564.9 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 798.00828222
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.36570616
## Age -37.85008486
## Sex 22.27897295
## BMI -5.73875243
## EducationCollege or University Degree -3.93766796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.02987203
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.58514798
## EducationNone of the above 1.02840356
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.29940756
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.69014374
## Income -1.12372404
## Average_time_outdoors -0.27404617
## Summed_PA_min -0.01221650
## Smoking -6.19609706
## Disability -2.91992339
## Deprivation_Index -0.05578323
## Population_density -3.05756375
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 805.327383502
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.991017012
## Age -35.972504191
## Sex 24.981402671
## BMI -4.166764262
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.026004385
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 9.257213259
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.458623130
## EducationNone of the above 8.923696360
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.357094768
## EducationOther professional qualifications 7.914614641
## Income 0.161835900
## Average_time_outdoors 0.643304760
## Summed_PA_min 0.003579871
## Smoking -4.028942114
## Disability 0.207606239
## Deprivation_Index 0.034976982
## Population_density -0.330988837Association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with white matter volume (significant)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.576, -26.155, -1.211, 24.384, 181.103
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.330310
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.442217
## Age -17.221952
## Sex -9.468019
## BMI 0.445383
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.638313
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.928334
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.399284
## EducationNone of the above 3.594426
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.737902
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.296726
## Income -0.300832
## Average_time_outdoors -0.002971
## Summed_PA_min 0.002924
## Smoking -0.687502
## Disability -1.138517
## Deprivation_Index -0.035915
## Population_density -0.645607
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.033388
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.173723
## Age 0.521628
## Sex 0.750787
## BMI 0.436729
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101185
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285714
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.956895
## EducationNone of the above 2.193465
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293666
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007097
## Income 0.357153
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254858
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602077
## Disability 0.868888
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.757495
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.875
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.546
## Age -33.016
## Sex -12.611
## BMI 1.020
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.396
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.204
## EducationNone of the above 1.639
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.570
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.646
## Income -0.842
## Average_time_outdoors -0.012
## Summed_PA_min 0.666
## Smoking -1.142
## Disability -1.310
## Deprivation_Index -1.424
## Population_density -0.852
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0109
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.3078
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0166
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6846
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8383
## EducationNone of the above 0.1013
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5684
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5182
## Income 0.3996
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9907
## Summed_PA_min 0.5053
## Smoking 0.2535
## Disability 0.1901
## Deprivation_Index 0.1544
## Population_density 0.3941
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11430 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1016, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 76.02 on 17 and 11430 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.344521252
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.101689574
## Age -18.244433112
## Sex -10.939690925
## BMI -0.410680459
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.796824197
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.552057665
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.235134665
## EducationNone of the above -0.705140560
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.273709567
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.637529313
## Income -1.000913831
## Average_time_outdoors -0.502536172
## Summed_PA_min -0.005678393
## Smoking -1.867677104
## Disability -2.841687058
## Deprivation_Index -0.085340446
## Population_density -2.130427711
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 709.31609803
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.78274497
## Age -16.19947186
## Sex -7.99634786
## BMI 1.30144564
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.47980259
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.40872587
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.43656710
## EducationNone of the above 7.89399344
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.79790570
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.23098107
## Income 0.39924984
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49659379
## Summed_PA_min 0.01152617
## Smoking 0.49267308
## Disability 0.56465227
## Deprivation_Index 0.01351076
## Population_density 0.83921301Association of greenspace (buffered to 300m) with hippocampal volume (not significant)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6118, -0.3089, 0.0242, 0.3392, 5.6414
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -1.752e-03
## Age -2.163e-01
## Sex 2.794e-01
## BMI -1.360e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.395e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.571e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.884e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.404e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.701e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.612e-02
## Income -3.006e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 1.433e-04
## Summed_PA_min 6.162e-05
## Smoking -3.802e-02
## Disability -2.205e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.712e-05
## Population_density -4.010e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.773e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.369e-03
## Age 7.112e-03
## Sex 1.024e-02
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.991e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.736e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.475e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.033e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.567
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.740
## Age -30.421
## Sex 27.292
## BMI -2.285
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.595
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.786
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.205
## EducationNone of the above 1.807
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.098
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.589
## Income -0.062
## Average_time_outdoors 0.041
## Summed_PA_min 1.030
## Smoking -4.631
## Disability -1.861
## Deprivation_Index 0.195
## Population_density -0.388
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.4595
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0224
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1108
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0741
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0275
## EducationNone of the above 0.0708
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0360
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5558
## Income 0.9508
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9671
## Summed_PA_min 0.3031
## Smoking 3.68e-06
## Disability 0.0628
## Deprivation_Index 0.8452
## Population_density 0.6978
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11424 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 133.4 on 17 and 11424 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9248388288
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.0063957853
## Age -0.2302815359
## Sex 0.2593340493
## BMI -0.0252780878
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.0054858806
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0054367141
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0065374593
## EducationNone of the above -0.0045797586
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0024257194
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0375203936
## Income -0.0098473562
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0066678636
## Summed_PA_min -0.0000556675
## Smoking -0.0541101694
## Disability -0.0452839223
## Deprivation_Index -0.0006068360
## Population_density -0.0242546540
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0335457454
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0028910877
## Age -0.2024014537
## Sex 0.2994688984
## BMI -0.0019318222
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0533867007
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168652045
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1111329669
## EducationNone of the above 0.1126597091
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0715854342
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0697594105
## Income 0.0092461248
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0069544319
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001789033
## Smoking -0.0219261820
## Disability 0.0011760812
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007410800
## Population_density 0.0162346182Moderation by sex: Grey Matter [Greenspace AND 300m buffer] (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -171.791, -22.68, 0.165, 23.786, 180.346
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.820315
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.560186
## Sex 25.178883
## Age -36.800851
## BMI -5.464156
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.204786
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.199983
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.157013
## EducationNone of the above 3.698951
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.156039
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.376956
## Income -0.490157
## Average_time_outdoors 0.364530
## Summed_PA_min -0.005944
## Smoking -5.090586
## Disability -1.736870
## Deprivation_Index -0.007383
## Population_density -1.258887
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.739602
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.086813
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.177769
## Sex 1.126018
## Age 0.542788
## BMI 0.452579
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.124639
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.342855
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.030397
## EducationNone of the above 2.218401
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.321757
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.062304
## Income 0.370845
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260152
## Summed_PA_min 0.004461
## Smoking 0.625057
## Disability 0.889457
## Deprivation_Index 0.025789
## Population_density 0.777167
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.277252
## t value
## (Intercept) 384.232
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 3.151
## Sex 22.361
## Age -67.800
## BMI -12.073
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.793
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.047
## EducationNone of the above 1.667
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.875
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.122
## Income -1.322
## Average_time_outdoors 1.401
## Summed_PA_min -1.332
## Smoking -8.144
## Disability -1.953
## Deprivation_Index -0.286
## Population_density -1.620
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.668
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.00163
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.04997
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07306
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04065
## EducationNone of the above 0.09547
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.38180
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03383
## Income 0.18629
## Average_time_outdoors 0.16118
## Summed_PA_min 0.18278
## Smoking 4.32e-16
## Disability 0.05088
## Deprivation_Index 0.77468
## Population_density 0.10530
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.00765
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.31 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4519, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4508
## F-statistic: 419.1 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.72969638
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.21171909
## Sex 22.97163655
## Age -37.86483630
## BMI -6.35131167
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.40932938
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.39253627
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.17698081
## EducationNone of the above -0.64961055
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.43489871
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.33437968
## Income -1.21709648
## Average_time_outdoors -0.14542593
## Summed_PA_min -0.01468938
## Smoking -6.31583760
## Disability -3.48040363
## Deprivation_Index -0.05793570
## Population_density -2.78230688
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.28307841
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.059109e+02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 9.086528e-01
## Sex 2.738613e+01
## Age -3.573687e+01
## BMI -4.577000e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.434862e-04
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.792503e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.137045e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.047513e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.746978e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.419531e+00
## Income 2.367833e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 8.744850e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.801124e-03
## Smoking -3.865335e+00
## Disability 6.664295e-03
## Deprivation_Index 4.317049e-02
## Population_density 2.645333e-01
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.961255e-01Moderation by sex: White Matter [Greenspace AND 300m buffer] (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.347, -26.159, -1.226, 24.364, 181.024
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.327879
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.444438
## Sex -8.655423
## Age -17.219464
## BMI 0.442970
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.643156
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.928285
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.421494
## EducationNone of the above 3.605882
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.733278
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.305782
## Income -0.301983
## Average_time_outdoors -0.008923
## Summed_PA_min 0.002966
## Smoking -0.684732
## Disability -1.141658
## Deprivation_Index -0.035903
## Population_density -0.644721
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.276820
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.033385
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.173737
## Sex 1.093382
## Age 0.521633
## BMI 0.436734
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.101193
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.285710
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.957012
## EducationNone of the above 2.193489
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.293672
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.007113
## Income 0.357154
## Average_time_outdoors 0.254924
## Summed_PA_min 0.004389
## Smoking 0.602082
## Disability 0.868892
## Deprivation_Index 0.025215
## Population_density 0.757494
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.270779
## t value
## (Intercept) 346.874
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.558
## Sex -7.916
## Age -33.011
## BMI 1.014
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.400
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.406
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.215
## EducationNone of the above 1.644
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.567
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.651
## Income -0.846
## Average_time_outdoors -0.035
## Summed_PA_min 0.676
## Smoking -1.137
## Disability -1.314
## Deprivation_Index -1.424
## Population_density -0.851
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.022
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0105
## Sex 2.68e-15
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.3105
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0164
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.6847
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8295
## EducationNone of the above 0.1002
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5708
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5153
## Income 0.3978
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9721
## Summed_PA_min 0.4991
## Smoking 0.2554
## Disability 0.1889
## Deprivation_Index 0.1545
## Population_density 0.3947
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.3067
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.5 on 11429 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1017, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1002
## F-statistic: 71.86 on 18 and 11429 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.342095337
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.103883893
## Sex -10.798639585
## Age -18.241953982
## BMI -0.413103500
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.801682100
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.552098118
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.257573833
## EducationNone of the above -0.693732472
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.269096532
## EducationOther professional qualifications -2.628503570
## Income -1.002066891
## Average_time_outdoors -0.508617233
## Summed_PA_min -0.005636166
## Smoking -1.864917060
## Disability -2.844835132
## Deprivation_Index -0.085328734
## Population_density -2.129539275
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.807593577
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 709.31366191
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.78499117
## Sex -6.51220547
## Age -16.19697449
## BMI 1.29904423
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.48462903
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.40866782
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.41458563
## EducationNone of the above 7.90549685
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.80253977
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.24006800
## Income 0.39810099
## Average_time_outdoors 0.49077142
## Summed_PA_min 0.01156914
## Smoking 0.49545238
## Disability 0.56151880
## Deprivation_Index 0.01352229
## Population_density 0.84009756
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.25395272Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume [Greenspace AND 300m buffer] (not significant) (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Greenspace_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Greenspace_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6149, -0.3083, 0.0232, 0.3389, 5.6369
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.979e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -1.713e-03
## Sex 2.937e-01
## Age -2.163e-01
## BMI -1.365e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.386e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.569e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 5.844e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.424e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.709e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.627e-02
## Income -3.213e-04
## Average_time_outdoors 3.815e-05
## Summed_PA_min 6.235e-05
## Smoking -3.797e-02
## Disability -2.211e-02
## Deprivation_Index 6.743e-05
## Population_density -3.995e-03
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -4.884e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.773e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 2.369e-03
## Sex 1.491e-02
## Age 7.111e-03
## BMI 5.955e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.502e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.120e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.668e-02
## EducationNone of the above 2.990e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.764e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.736e-02
## Income 4.870e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.476e-03
## Summed_PA_min 5.983e-05
## Smoking 8.209e-03
## Disability 1.185e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.438e-04
## Population_density 1.033e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 3.692e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 179.571
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -0.723
## Sex 19.701
## Age -30.415
## BMI -2.292
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.589
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.785
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.190
## EducationNone of the above 1.814
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.102
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.595
## Income -0.066
## Average_time_outdoors 0.011
## Summed_PA_min 1.042
## Smoking -4.625
## Disability -1.866
## Deprivation_Index 0.196
## Population_density -0.387
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.323
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.4696
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0219
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.1121
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0285
## EducationNone of the above 0.0697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0356
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5520
## Income 0.9474
## Average_time_outdoors 0.9912
## Summed_PA_min 0.2974
## Smoking 3.78e-06
## Disability 0.0621
## Deprivation_Index 0.8445
## Population_density 0.6989
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1859
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5248 on 11423 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1658, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1644
## F-statistic: 126.1 on 18 and 11423 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.924808e+00
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt -6.356657e-03
## Sex 2.645151e-01
## Age -2.302372e-01
## BMI -2.531945e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.573985e-03
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -5.460250e-03
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.140927e-03
## EducationNone of the above -4.379603e-03
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.506995e-03
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.736374e-02
## Income -9.867791e-03
## Average_time_outdoors -6.774557e-03
## Summed_PA_min -5.493377e-05
## Smoking -5.406359e-02
## Disability -4.533772e-02
## Deprivation_Index -6.065038e-04
## Population_density -2.423936e-02
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.212104e-02
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0335110846
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt 0.0029306428
## Sex 0.3229664280
## Age -0.2023577047
## BMI -0.0019736226
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0532972528
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1168376789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1107395528
## EducationNone of the above 0.1128575010
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0716648505
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0699135281
## Income 0.0092251618
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0068508540
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001796394
## Smoking -0.0218803723
## Disability 0.0011210436
## Deprivation_Index 0.0007413683
## Population_density 0.0162486119
## Greenspace_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.002353042110.2) Restrict sample to participants with no change in home location between baseline (2006–2010) and first MRI assessment (2014+)
Required UKB variables: * 699 - Length of time at current address - Instances 2 (measured in units of whole years, except if answer was < 1 year, in which case the value assigned was 0.5 years) * 53 - Date of attending assessment centre - Instances 0 and 2 (format: YYYY-MM-DD) Approach: Include if var 699 (Instance 2) >= Difference in 53 (Instance 2 minus Instance 0) Note: This subset, “NoHomeChange_T2”, was generated in Section 10.3.
10.2.1) 1000m natural environment buffer
Association of natural environment with grey matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -170.797, -23.188, 0.197, 24.033, 175.065
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 791.3810
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5026
## Age -37.0578
## Sex 23.2780
## BMI -5.6691
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.8663
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.9748
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.8337
## EducationNone of the above 3.1045
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.9318
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.2213
## Income -0.3817
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.6686
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1672
## Age 0.5404
## Sex 0.7663
## BMI 0.4493
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.1283
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.3449
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.0339
## EducationNone of the above 2.2113
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.3249
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.0700
## Income 0.3670
## t value
## (Intercept) 474.267
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.005
## Age -68.574
## Sex 30.378
## BMI -12.618
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.654
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.695
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.885
## EducationNone of the above 1.404
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.703
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.039
## Income -1.040
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00266
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.09814
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.09009
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.05948
## EducationNone of the above 0.16039
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.48188
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.04145
## Income 0.29842
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent .
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.46 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4462
## F-statistic: 672.6 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 788.1101196
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1747642
## Age -38.1170706
## Sex 21.7759741
## BMI -6.5498041
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.0779502
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.6216530
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -0.1532227
## EducationNone of the above -1.2302661
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.6652313
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.1636707
## Income -1.1011661
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 794.6519362
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.8303460
## Age -35.9984549
## Sex 24.7800901
## BMI -4.7883489
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.3454000
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.5712462
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 7.8207212
## EducationNone of the above 7.4391832
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.5287781
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.2789876
## Income 0.3377997Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.009, -22.759, -0.008, 23.958, 178.198
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.175618
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.681389
## Age -36.814975
## Sex 23.041793
## BMI -5.483452
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.110404
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.156601
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.182685
## EducationNone of the above 3.683638
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.085098
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.313293
## Income -0.439569
## Average_time_outdoors 0.401500
## Summed_PA_min -0.006357
## Smoking -5.073919
## Disability -1.667395
## Deprivation_Index -0.007759
## Population_density -1.403465
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.134353
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.225570
## Age 0.542994
## Sex 0.771623
## BMI 0.452837
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125987
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343839
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031204
## EducationNone of the above 2.219232
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322484
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063195
## Income 0.371047
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260034
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625589
## Disability 0.889767
## Deprivation_Index 0.025799
## Population_density 0.822274
## t value
## (Intercept) 374.903
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.021
## Age -67.800
## Sex 29.861
## BMI -12.109
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.874
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.773
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.059
## EducationNone of the above 1.660
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.820
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.091
## Income -1.185
## Average_time_outdoors 1.544
## Summed_PA_min -1.424
## Smoking -8.111
## Disability -1.874
## Deprivation_Index -0.301
## Population_density -1.707
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00253
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.06093
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07619
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.03950
## EducationNone of the above 0.09697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.41195
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03659
## Income 0.23618
## Average_time_outdoors 0.12262
## Summed_PA_min 0.15442
## Smoking 5.69e-16
## Disability 0.06097
## Deprivation_Index 0.76362
## Population_density 0.08789
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.33 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4514, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4504
## F-statistic: 442.9 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 795.99180944
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.23922184
## Age -37.87936380
## Sex 21.52923990
## BMI -6.37111397
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.31759023
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.43784809
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.20107194
## EducationNone of the above -0.66655268
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.50726696
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.26896906
## Income -1.16690370
## Average_time_outdoors -0.10822462
## Summed_PA_min -0.01510585
## Smoking -6.30021347
## Disability -3.41153760
## Deprivation_Index -0.05833107
## Population_density -3.01530660
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.35942681
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.12355607
## Age -35.75058600
## Sex 24.55434584
## BMI -4.59578947
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.09678217
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.75104934
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.16429894
## EducationNone of the above 8.03382861
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.67746218
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.35761652
## Income 0.28776559
## Average_time_outdoors 0.91122491
## Summed_PA_min 0.00239242
## Smoking -3.84762392
## Disability 0.07674677
## Deprivation_Index 0.04281328
## Population_density 0.20837641Association of natural environment with white matter volume (significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.416, -26.126, -1.147, 24.785, 182.458
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 702.64263
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.57288
## Age -17.21858
## Sex -9.81829
## BMI 0.04337
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.80216
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.46328
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.33400
## EducationNone of the above 2.28736
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.80409
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.20998
## Income -0.53678
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 1.82489
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.18288
## Age 0.59101
## Sex 0.83802
## BMI 0.49137
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.23393
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.56443
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.22440
## EducationNone of the above 2.41841
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.44891
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.26383
## Income 0.40141
## t value
## (Intercept) 385.032
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.133
## Age -29.134
## Sex -11.716
## BMI 0.088
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.271
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.571
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.150
## EducationNone of the above 0.946
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.555
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.534
## Income -1.337
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00174
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.92967
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02317
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.56828
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88065
## EducationNone of the above 0.34427
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.57893
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.59302
## Income 0.18118
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9156 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09787, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09678
## F-statistic: 90.3 on 11 and 9156 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 699.0654273
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.2143949
## Age -18.3770838
## Sex -11.4610021
## BMI -0.9198304
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.2209405
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.5635871
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.0263184
## EducationNone of the above -2.4532731
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.6442817
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.2276366
## Income -1.3236311
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 706.2198236
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.9313658
## Age -16.0600796
## Sex -8.1755788
## BMI 1.0065685
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.3833851
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.4901408
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.6943105
## EducationNone of the above 7.0279887
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.0360980
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.6476035
## Income 0.2500803Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -149.451, -26.141, -1.379, 24.633, 179.262
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.605877
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.699575
## Age -17.112800
## Sex -9.899572
## BMI 0.170480
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.819271
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.378415
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.322354
## EducationNone of the above 2.290773
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.815181
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.226198
## Income -0.527892
## Average_time_outdoors 0.082078
## Summed_PA_min 0.001801
## Smoking -1.241654
## Disability -1.285782
## Deprivation_Index -0.047664
## Population_density -0.834810
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.342654
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.247584
## Age 0.595987
## Sex 0.846929
## BMI 0.497032
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235877
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572585
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229438
## EducationNone of the above 2.435817
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451552
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.264552
## Income 0.407259
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285412
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686643
## Disability 0.976603
## Deprivation_Index 0.028317
## Population_density 0.902524
## t value
## (Intercept) 301.199
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.826
## Age -28.713
## Sex -11.689
## BMI 0.343
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.281
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.536
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.145
## EducationNone of the above 0.940
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.562
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.541
## Income -1.296
## Average_time_outdoors 0.288
## Summed_PA_min 0.368
## Smoking -1.808
## Disability -1.317
## Deprivation_Index -1.683
## Population_density -0.925
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.00473
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.73161
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.02256
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.59210
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.88504
## EducationNone of the above 0.34701
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.57441
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.58819
## Income 0.19494
## Average_time_outdoors 0.77368
## Summed_PA_min 0.71321
## Smoking 0.07059
## Disability 0.18801
## Deprivation_Index 0.09237
## Population_density 0.35500
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.77 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09876, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09709
## F-statistic: 58.98 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.013751493
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.214254321
## Age -18.281067140
## Sex -11.559742095
## BMI -0.803813317
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.241866682
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.664426432
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.047843098
## EducationNone of the above -2.483972321
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.660546408
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.212829800
## Income -1.326210117
## Average_time_outdoors -0.477392848
## Summed_PA_min -0.007802349
## Smoking -2.587628044
## Disability -3.200142992
## Deprivation_Index -0.103171406
## Population_density -2.603958634
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 710.198002345
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.184894713
## Age -15.944532315
## Sex -8.239402429
## BMI 1.144773094
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.396675786
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.421256900
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.692551101
## EducationNone of the above 7.065518382
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.030183810
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.665225207
## Income 0.270426904
## Average_time_outdoors 0.641549357
## Summed_PA_min 0.011403651
## Smoking 0.104320767
## Disability 0.628578776
## Deprivation_Index 0.007844074
## Population_density 0.934338128Association of natural environment with hippocampal volume (not significant)
Crude model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, and Income)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5792, -0.3122, 0.0211, 0.3418, 5.6649
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.9155698
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0007196
## Age -0.2183291
## Sex 0.2871576
## BMI -0.0160913
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0407363
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0585779
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0594327
## EducationNone of the above 0.0545458
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0428222
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0289944
## Income -0.0008287
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 0.0248399
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0024886
## Age 0.0080416
## Sex 0.0114054
## BMI 0.0066873
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0167951
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0349437
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0302674
## EducationNone of the above 0.0329073
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0197201
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0308042
## Income 0.0054635
## t value
## (Intercept) 197.890
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.289
## Age -27.150
## Sex 25.177
## BMI -2.406
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.425
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.676
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.964
## EducationNone of the above 1.658
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.172
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.941
## Income -0.152
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.7725
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.0161
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0153
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0937
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0496
## EducationNone of the above 0.0974
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0299
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3466
## Income 0.8794
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5276 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1631, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1621
## F-statistic: 162.1 on 11 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.8668780867
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0055978818
## Age -0.2340924166
## Sex 0.2648004625
## BMI -0.0291998914
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0078141064
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0099194378
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0001019073
## EducationNone of the above -0.0099599657
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0041664672
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0313887095
## Income -0.0115382819
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.964261552
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.004158592
## Age -0.202565856
## Sex 0.309514710
## BMI -0.002982743
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.073658442
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.127075311
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.118763444
## EducationNone of the above 0.119051473
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.081477923
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.089377466
## Income 0.009880981Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6085, -0.312, 0.0211, 0.3396, 5.6316
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.984e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.002e-03
## Age -2.159e-01
## Sex 2.849e-01
## BMI -1.352e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.952e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.877e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.123e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.775e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.377e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.971e-02
## Income -1.470e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.532e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.805e-05
## Smoking -3.815e-02
## Disability -3.061e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.611e-04
## Population_density -1.873e-02
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.186e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.367e-03
## Age 8.102e-03
## Sex 1.152e-02
## BMI 6.758e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.681e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.311e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.538e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.880e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.660e-05
## Smoking 9.336e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.227e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 156.436
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.595
## Age -26.650
## Sex 24.737
## BMI -2.000
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.351
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.678
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.020
## EducationNone of the above 1.744
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.218
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.965
## Income -0.266
## Average_time_outdoors 0.652
## Summed_PA_min -0.271
## Smoking -4.087
## Disability -2.305
## Deprivation_Index 0.418
## Population_density -1.527
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5521
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0455
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0187
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0934
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0434
## EducationNone of the above 0.0812
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0266
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3346
## Income 0.7906
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5141
## Summed_PA_min 0.7864
## Smoking 4.41e-05
## Disability 0.0212
## Deprivation_Index 0.6757
## Population_density 0.1269
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9144 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1638
## F-statistic: 106.6 on 17 and 9144 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9212018769
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0045972459
## Age -0.2318058149
## Sex 0.2622964049
## BMI -0.0267657474
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0065717897
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0098838093
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0018126977
## EducationNone of the above -0.0071622577
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0050791546
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0306405100
## Income -0.0123262691
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0050744791
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001486072
## Smoking -0.0564554045
## Disability -0.0566517689
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005936580
## Population_density -0.0427855890
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0460971120
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0086009403
## Age -0.2000419378
## Sex 0.3074435579
## BMI -0.0002701720
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0724627796
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1274147948
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1206378213
## EducationNone of the above 0.1226621760
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0824629934
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0900573752
## Income 0.0093853887
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0101378246
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001125044
## Smoking -0.0198542688
## Disability -0.0045747303
## Deprivation_Index 0.0009158461
## Population_density 0.0053209322Moderation by sex: Grey Matter (*not significant, p = 0.054)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.224, -22.898, 0.192, 23.943, 178.515
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 800.176883
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.687840
## Sex 26.097220
## Age -36.823583
## BMI -5.478067
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.112426
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.117743
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.155908
## EducationNone of the above 3.745138
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.115626
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.321789
## Income -0.445529
## Average_time_outdoors 0.392056
## Summed_PA_min -0.006341
## Smoking -5.079608
## Disability -1.674802
## Deprivation_Index -0.007766
## Population_density -1.412503
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.640973
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.134036
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.225561
## Sex 1.762185
## Age 0.542931
## BMI 0.452779
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125820
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343578
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.030950
## EducationNone of the above 2.219132
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322383
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.062894
## Income 0.371005
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260042
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625503
## Disability 0.889643
## Deprivation_Index 0.025795
## Population_density 0.822166
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332362
## t value
## (Intercept) 374.959
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.049
## Sex 14.810
## Age -67.824
## BMI -12.099
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.876
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.757
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.046
## EducationNone of the above 1.688
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.844
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.095
## Income -1.201
## Average_time_outdoors 1.508
## Summed_PA_min -1.421
## Smoking -8.121
## Disability -1.883
## Deprivation_Index -0.301
## Population_density -1.718
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.929
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0023
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0606
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0408
## EducationNone of the above 0.0915
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.3989
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0362
## Income 0.2298
## Average_time_outdoors 0.1317
## Summed_PA_min 0.1554
## Smoking 5.23e-16
## Disability 0.0598
## Deprivation_Index 0.7634
## Population_density 0.0858
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.0538
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density .
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.32 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4506
## F-statistic: 418.7 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 795.99369532
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.24568976
## Sex 22.64294361
## Age -37.88785026
## BMI -6.36561382
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.31928528
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.47619315
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.17479263
## EducationNone of the above -0.60485514
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.47653881
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.27805632
## Income -1.17278035
## Average_time_outdoors -0.11768312
## Summed_PA_min -0.01508839
## Smoking -6.30573414
## Disability -3.41870092
## Deprivation_Index -0.05833024
## Population_density -3.02413118
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.29247656
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 804.360070102
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.129989863
## Sex 29.551495783
## Age -35.759316733
## BMI -4.590519289
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.094433291
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.711678867
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.137022797
## EducationNone of the above 8.095132088
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.707791630
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.365520679
## Income 0.281723306
## Average_time_outdoors 0.901795751
## Summed_PA_min 0.002407306
## Smoking -3.853481646
## Disability 0.069097778
## Deprivation_Index 0.042799085
## Population_density 0.199125324
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.010529987Moderation by sex: White Matter (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -149.646, -26.207, -1.375, 24.647, 178.858
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 705.606341
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.701941
## Sex -8.778645
## Age -17.115958
## BMI 0.172456
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.820013
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.364160
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.312530
## EducationNone of the above 2.313335
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.803981
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.229314
## Income -0.530078
## Average_time_outdoors 0.078614
## Summed_PA_min 0.001807
## Smoking -1.243741
## Disability -1.288499
## Deprivation_Index -0.047666
## Population_density -0.838126
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.235150
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.342729
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.247619
## Sex 1.934514
## Age 0.596026
## BMI 0.497057
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235917
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572763
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229562
## EducationNone of the above 2.436146
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451702
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.264629
## Income 0.407286
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285472
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686673
## Disability 0.976644
## Deprivation_Index 0.028318
## Population_density 0.902567
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.364864
## t value
## (Intercept) 301.190
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.835
## Sex -4.538
## Age -28.717
## BMI 0.347
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.282
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.530
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.140
## EducationNone of the above 0.950
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.554
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.543
## Income -1.301
## Average_time_outdoors 0.275
## Summed_PA_min 0.369
## Smoking -1.811
## Disability -1.319
## Deprivation_Index -1.683
## Population_density -0.929
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.644
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0046
## Sex 5.75e-06
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.7286
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0225
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5960
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8885
## EducationNone of the above 0.3423
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5797
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5873
## Income 0.1931
## Average_time_outdoors 0.7830
## Summed_PA_min 0.7123
## Smoking 0.0701
## Disability 0.1871
## Deprivation_Index 0.0924
## Population_density 0.3531
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.5193
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0988, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09703
## F-statistic: 55.73 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 701.014068427
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.216552023
## Sex -12.570724199
## Age -18.284302156
## BMI -0.801887362
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.242686954
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.679029536
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.057908715
## EducationNone of the above -2.462055697
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.649641328
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.209865035
## Income -1.328449643
## Average_time_outdoors -0.480974562
## Summed_PA_min -0.007796741
## Smoking -2.589773200
## Disability -3.202939072
## Deprivation_Index -0.103175633
## Population_density -2.607359581
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.950365729
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 710.198613272
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 1.187330187
## Sex -4.986566316
## Age -15.947613671
## BMI 1.146798390
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.397339088
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.407348948
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.682969135
## EducationNone of the above 7.088726440
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.041678584
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.668493988
## Income 0.268293799
## Average_time_outdoors 0.638201862
## Summed_PA_min 0.011409907
## Smoking 0.102291594
## Disability 0.625940747
## Deprivation_Index 0.007843396
## Population_density 0.931107760
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.480065302Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.6031, -0.3114, 0.0217, 0.3391, 5.6354
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.984e+00
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 2.036e-03
## Sex 3.010e-01
## Age -2.160e-01
## BMI -1.349e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.950e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.854e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.108e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.807e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.393e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.975e-02
## Income -1.502e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.482e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.798e-05
## Smoking -3.819e-02
## Disability -3.065e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.611e-04
## Population_density -1.878e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -3.386e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.186e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 3.367e-03
## Sex 2.630e-02
## Age 8.103e-03
## BMI 6.759e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.681e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.538e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.881e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.660e-05
## Smoking 9.336e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.227e-02
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 4.961e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 156.432
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.605
## Sex 11.444
## Age -26.654
## BMI -1.996
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.350
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.671
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.015
## EducationNone of the above 1.753
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.225
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.966
## Income -0.271
## Average_time_outdoors 0.639
## Summed_PA_min -0.270
## Smoking -4.090
## Disability -2.307
## Deprivation_Index 0.418
## Population_density -1.530
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.683
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.5454
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0460
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0188
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0947
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0439
## EducationNone of the above 0.0796
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0261
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3339
## Income 0.7862
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5226
## Summed_PA_min 0.7872
## Smoking 4.35e-05
## Disability 0.0211
## Deprivation_Index 0.6756
## Population_density 0.1259
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.4949
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9143 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1638
## F-statistic: 100.7 on 18 and 9143 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9212133741
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0045638134
## Sex 0.2494506137
## Age -0.2318522290
## BMI -0.0267375773
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0065582776
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0101122902
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0016660427
## EducationNone of the above -0.0068479230
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0052351232
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0306003029
## Income -0.0123588857
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0051261261
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001485358
## Smoking -0.0564880397
## Disability -0.0566904678
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005936596
## Population_density -0.0428354182
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0131099714
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.0461122823
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.0086362342
## Sex 0.3525724747
## Age -0.2000863527
## BMI -0.0002407107
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0724512323
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.1271963257
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.1204974966
## EducationNone of the above 0.1229935471
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0826266676
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.0901013514
## Income 0.0093541803
## Average_time_outdoors 0.0100893398
## Summed_PA_min 0.0001125837
## Smoking -0.0198853766
## Disability -0.0046114570
## Deprivation_Index 0.0009158887
## Population_density 0.0052733226
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.006338077610.2.2) 300m natural environment buffer
Association of natural environment with grey matter volume (300m buffer AND restricted sample)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.474, -22.799, 0.063, 23.995, 178.485
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.284374
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.544547
## Age -36.797945
## Sex 22.970982
## BMI -5.477293
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.205594
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.207517
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.167304
## EducationNone of the above 3.659851
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.084738
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.296565
## Income -0.476263
## Average_time_outdoors 0.391758
## Summed_PA_min -0.006188
## Smoking -5.108899
## Disability -1.698879
## Deprivation_Index -0.007306
## Population_density -1.170728
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.088310
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.202435
## Age 0.542985
## Sex 0.771134
## BMI 0.452862
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.125216
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343989
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031614
## EducationNone of the above 2.219588
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322717
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063525
## Income 0.370997
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260127
## Summed_PA_min 0.004463
## Smoking 0.625281
## Disability 0.889824
## Deprivation_Index 0.025802
## Population_density 0.809918
## t value
## (Intercept) 383.700
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.690
## Age -67.770
## Sex 29.789
## BMI -12.095
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.795
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.051
## EducationNone of the above 1.649
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.820
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.082
## Income -1.284
## Average_time_outdoors 1.506
## Summed_PA_min -1.387
## Smoking -8.171
## Disability -1.909
## Deprivation_Index -0.283
## Population_density -1.445
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00716
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.05001
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07268
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04027
## EducationNone of the above 0.09921
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.41219
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03736
## Income 0.19927
## Average_time_outdoors 0.13210
## Summed_PA_min 0.16561
## Smoking 3.48e-16
## Disability 0.05626
## Deprivation_Index 0.77707
## Population_density 0.14835
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree .
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.33 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4513, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4503
## F-statistic: 442.7 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.19081984
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.14772907
## Age -37.86231713
## Sex 21.45938670
## BMI -6.36500367
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.41126804
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.38722562
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.18488720
## EducationNone of the above -0.69103729
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.50808339
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.25159420
## Income -1.20350029
## Average_time_outdoors -0.11814966
## Summed_PA_min -0.01493673
## Smoking -6.33458981
## Disability -3.44313206
## Deprivation_Index -0.05788370
## Population_density -2.75834882
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.053779e+02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 9.413641e-01
## Age -3.573357e+01
## Sex 2.448258e+01
## BMI -4.589582e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree 8.011626e-05
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.802259e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.149720e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.010739e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.677559e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.341535e+00
## Income 2.509746e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 9.016654e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.560260e-03
## Smoking -3.883209e+00
## Disability 4.537350e-02
## Deprivation_Index 4.327212e-02
## Population_density 4.168928e-01Association of natural environment with white matter volume (300m buffer AND restricted sample)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.224, -26.146, -1.281, 24.649, 180.814
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 706.768903
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.506817
## Age -17.094234
## Sex -9.974378
## BMI 0.178859
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.921977
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.431996
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.318296
## EducationNone of the above 2.274281
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.806608
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.217132
## Income -0.564615
## Average_time_outdoors 0.073719
## Summed_PA_min 0.001985
## Smoking -1.282783
## Disability -1.317487
## Deprivation_Index -0.047230
## Population_density -0.458186
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.292230
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.222202
## Age 0.596006
## Sex 0.846434
## BMI 0.497083
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235091
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572875
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.229997
## EducationNone of the above 2.436327
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451878
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.265025
## Income 0.407224
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285528
## Summed_PA_min 0.004899
## Smoking 0.686338
## Disability 0.976713
## Deprivation_Index 0.028322
## Population_density 0.889005
## t value
## (Intercept) 308.333
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.281
## Age -28.681
## Sex -11.784
## BMI 0.360
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.366
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.557
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.143
## EducationNone of the above 0.933
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.556
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.537
## Income -1.386
## Average_time_outdoors 0.258
## Summed_PA_min 0.405
## Smoking -1.869
## Disability -1.349
## Deprivation_Index -1.668
## Population_density -0.515
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) <2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0226
## Age <2e-16
## Sex <2e-16
## BMI 0.7190
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0180
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5778
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8865
## EducationNone of the above 0.3506
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5785
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5910
## Income 0.1656
## Average_time_outdoors 0.7963
## Summed_PA_min 0.6854
## Smoking 0.0617
## Disability 0.1774
## Deprivation_Index 0.0954
## Population_density 0.6063
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9150 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09849, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09681
## F-statistic: 58.8 on 17 and 9150 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 702.275621620
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.071251155
## Age -18.262539853
## Sex -11.633577650
## BMI -0.795535070
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.343030350
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.611413618
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.052996267
## EducationNone of the above -2.501462729
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.652612678
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.222821280
## Income -1.362865887
## Average_time_outdoors -0.485979774
## Summed_PA_min -0.007617973
## Smoking -2.628159710
## Disability -3.232062257
## Deprivation_Index -0.102747154
## Population_density -2.200835276
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 711.262185051
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.942383040
## Age -15.925928364
## Sex -8.315177903
## BMI 1.153252494
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.500922723
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.475406343
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.689587302
## EducationNone of the above 7.050025314
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.039397659
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.657086251
## Income 0.233635588
## Average_time_outdoors 0.633418167
## Summed_PA_min 0.011587560
## Smoking 0.062593478
## Disability 0.597089011
## Deprivation_Index 0.008286333
## Population_density 1.284462404Association of natural environment with average hippocampal volume (300m buffer AND restricted sample)
Full adjusted model (Covariates: Age, Sex, BMI, Education, Income, Average time spent outdoors, Physical activity minutes, Smoking status, Disability status, Townsend Deprivation Index, and Population Density)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors + Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5909, -0.31, 0.0207, 0.3398, 5.6411
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.989e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.155e-03
## Age -2.158e-01
## Sex 2.845e-01
## BMI -1.332e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.877e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.907e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.225e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.840e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.458e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.039e-02
## Income -1.491e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.651e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.651e-05
## Smoking -3.873e-02
## Disability -3.067e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.593e-04
## Population_density -5.521e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.117e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.022e-03
## Age 8.101e-03
## Sex 1.151e-02
## BMI 6.758e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.679e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.537e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.881e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.659e-05
## Smoking 9.330e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.209e-02
## t value
## (Intercept) 160.087
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.044
## Age -26.637
## Sex 24.722
## BMI -1.970
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.309
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.687
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.054
## EducationNone of the above 1.764
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.259
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.987
## Income -0.269
## Average_time_outdoors 0.683
## Summed_PA_min -0.248
## Smoking -4.151
## Disability -2.309
## Deprivation_Index 0.414
## Population_density -0.457
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.2965
## Age < 2e-16
## Sex < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0488
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0210
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0916
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0400
## EducationNone of the above 0.0778
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0239
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3236
## Income 0.7877
## Average_time_outdoors 0.4945
## Summed_PA_min 0.8042
## Smoking 3.34e-05
## Disability 0.0210
## Deprivation_Index 0.6791
## Population_density 0.6479
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Age ***
## Sex ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5271 on 9144 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1654, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1639
## F-statistic: 106.6 on 17 and 9144 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9280601082
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.0090797693
## Age -0.2316576200
## Sex 0.2619191678
## BMI -0.0265622678
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0058560794
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0095700700
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0028299337
## EducationNone of the above -0.0065127181
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0058906965
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0299556148
## Income -0.0123437088
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0049562550
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001470387
## Smoking -0.0570153645
## Disability -0.0567037078
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005954406
## Population_density -0.0292155116
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.050242e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.768999e-03
## Age -1.998988e-01
## Sex 3.070315e-01
## BMI -6.909505e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 7.169181e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.277172e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.216623e-01
## EducationNone of the above 1.233141e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 8.327748e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.074441e-02
## Income 9.361975e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 1.025923e-02
## Summed_PA_min 1.140167e-04
## Smoking -2.043764e-02
## Disability -4.631261e-03
## Deprivation_Index 9.140226e-04
## Population_density 1.817360e-02Moderation by sex: Grey Matter [300m buffer AND subset with no address change] (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.651, -22.816, 0.195, 23.873, 179.04
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 801.312406
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.548074
## Sex 25.791874
## Age -36.782028
## BMI -5.479922
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.205068
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 4.192652
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.126656
## EducationNone of the above 3.714939
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.109640
## EducationOther professional qualifications 4.343849
## Income -0.483926
## Average_time_outdoors 0.372832
## Summed_PA_min -0.005994
## Smoking -5.101869
## Disability -1.715359
## Deprivation_Index -0.007711
## Population_density -1.183656
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.745220
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.087766
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.202384
## Sex 1.382613
## Age 0.542874
## BMI 0.452739
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.124906
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.343352
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.031122
## EducationNone of the above 2.219090
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.322392
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.063047
## Income 0.370908
## Average_time_outdoors 0.260170
## Summed_PA_min 0.004462
## Smoking 0.625115
## Disability 0.889604
## Deprivation_Index 0.025796
## Population_density 0.809712
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.303207
## t value
## (Intercept) 383.813
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.708
## Sex 18.654
## Age -67.754
## BMI -12.104
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.960
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.032
## EducationNone of the above 1.674
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.839
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.106
## Income -1.305
## Average_time_outdoors 1.433
## Summed_PA_min -1.343
## Smoking -8.161
## Disability -1.928
## Deprivation_Index -0.299
## Population_density -1.462
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -2.458
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00678
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI < 2e-16
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.05000
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.07362
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.04221
## EducationNone of the above 0.09415
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.40143
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.03527
## Income 0.19203
## Average_time_outdoors 0.15188
## Summed_PA_min 0.17923
## Smoking 3.75e-16
## Disability 0.05386
## Deprivation_Index 0.76501
## Population_density 0.14382
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.01400
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt **
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI ***
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications *
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability .
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.32 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4517, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4506
## F-statistic: 418.7 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 797.21991747
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.15135611
## Sex 23.08164328
## Age -37.84618213
## BMI -6.36739070
## EducationCollege or University Degree -4.41013531
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.40084037
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.14520353
## EducationNone of the above -0.63497368
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -1.48254400
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.29981636
## Income -1.21098928
## Average_time_outdoors -0.13715827
## Summed_PA_min -0.01474161
## Smoking -6.32723501
## Disability -3.45918063
## Deprivation_Index -0.05827589
## Population_density -2.77087341
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.33957389
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8.054049e+02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 9.447926e-01
## Sex 2.850210e+01
## Age -3.571787e+01
## BMI -4.592453e+00
## EducationCollege or University Degree -1.605685e-06
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 8.786145e+00
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 8.108108e+00
## EducationNone of the above 8.064851e+00
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 3.701823e+00
## EducationOther professional qualifications 8.387881e+00
## Income 2.431365e-01
## Average_time_outdoors 8.828228e-01
## Summed_PA_min 2.753299e-03
## Smoking -3.876504e+00
## Disability 2.846354e-02
## Deprivation_Index 4.285414e-02
## Population_density 4.035610e-01
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.508651e-01Moderation by sex: White Matter [300m buffer AND subset with no address change] (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -147.039, -26.081, -1.335, 24.673, 180.656
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 706.776338
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.507753
## Sex -9.226252
## Age -17.090013
## BMI 0.178161
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.921837
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.428054
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.307515
## EducationNone of the above 2.288891
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.800003
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.229673
## Income -0.566648
## Average_time_outdoors 0.068700
## Summed_PA_min 0.002036
## Smoking -1.280919
## Disability -1.321857
## Deprivation_Index -0.047338
## Population_density -0.461615
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.197639
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 2.292345
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.222216
## Sex 1.518094
## Age 0.596070
## BMI 0.497102
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.235135
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 2.572975
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.230150
## EducationNone of the above 2.436537
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.451972
## EducationOther professional qualifications 2.265203
## Income 0.407253
## Average_time_outdoors 0.285663
## Summed_PA_min 0.004900
## Smoking 0.686370
## Disability 0.976775
## Deprivation_Index 0.028323
## Population_density 0.889055
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.332919
## t value
## (Intercept) 308.320
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.285
## Sex -6.078
## Age -28.671
## BMI 0.358
## EducationCollege or University Degree -2.366
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.555
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.138
## EducationNone of the above 0.939
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -0.551
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.543
## Income -1.391
## Average_time_outdoors 0.240
## Summed_PA_min 0.416
## Smoking -1.866
## Disability -1.353
## Deprivation_Index -1.671
## Population_density -0.519
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.594
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.0223
## Sex 1.27e-09
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.7201
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0180
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.5789
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.8903
## EducationNone of the above 0.3475
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.5817
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.5872
## Income 0.1641
## Average_time_outdoors 0.8100
## Summed_PA_min 0.6777
## Smoking 0.0620
## Disability 0.1760
## Deprivation_Index 0.0947
## Population_density 0.6036
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.5528
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent
## EducationNone of the above
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking .
## Disability
## Deprivation_Index .
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.78 on 9149 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09852, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09675
## F-statistic: 55.55 on 18 and 9149 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 702.282829735
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.072160375
## Sex -12.202056441
## Age -18.258442854
## BMI -0.796269509
## EducationCollege or University Degree -5.342976737
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -3.615551159
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent -4.064076187
## EducationNone of the above -2.487265714
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent -3.646192845
## EducationOther professional qualifications -3.210631316
## Income -1.364954789
## Average_time_outdoors -0.491264134
## Summed_PA_min -0.007568345
## Smoking -2.626356961
## Disability -3.236554869
## Deprivation_Index -0.102857685
## Population_density -2.204362418
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.850233473
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 711.26984542
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.94334501
## Sex -6.25044829
## Age -15.92158234
## BMI 1.15259249
## EducationCollege or University Degree -0.50069760
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 6.47165950
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 4.67910674
## EducationNone of the above 7.06504774
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.04618608
## EducationOther professional qualifications 5.66997673
## Income 0.23165962
## Average_time_outdoors 0.62866406
## Summed_PA_min 0.01164088
## Smoking 0.06451966
## Disability 0.59284073
## Deprivation_Index 0.00818200
## Population_density 1.28113220
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.45495588Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume [300m buffer AND subset with no address change] (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income +
Average_time_outdoors +
Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index + Population_density, NoHomeChange_T2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + BMI + Education + Income + Average_time_outdoors +
## Summed_PA_min + Smoking + Disability + Deprivation_Index +
## Population_density, data = NoHomeChange_T2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.583, -0.312, 0.0211, 0.3398, 5.6433
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate
## (Intercept) 4.989e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -3.122e-03
## Sex 3.086e-01
## Age -2.156e-01
## BMI -1.334e-02
## EducationCollege or University Degree 3.878e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 5.890e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 6.189e-02
## EducationNone of the above 5.887e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 4.480e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income -1.559e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 2.490e-03
## Summed_PA_min -1.489e-05
## Smoking -3.867e-02
## Disability -3.080e-02
## Deprivation_Index 1.561e-04
## Population_density -5.643e-03
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -6.370e-03
## Std. Error
## (Intercept) 3.116e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 3.022e-03
## Sex 2.064e-02
## Age 8.101e-03
## BMI 6.757e-03
## EducationCollege or University Degree 1.679e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 3.502e-02
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 3.031e-02
## EducationNone of the above 3.312e-02
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 1.974e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 3.079e-02
## Income 5.536e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 3.883e-03
## Summed_PA_min 6.659e-05
## Smoking 9.330e-03
## Disability 1.328e-02
## Deprivation_Index 3.850e-04
## Population_density 1.209e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 4.526e-03
## t value
## (Intercept) 160.101
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -1.033
## Sex 14.952
## Age -26.619
## BMI -1.974
## EducationCollege or University Degree 2.309
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.682
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 2.042
## EducationNone of the above 1.778
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 2.269
## EducationOther professional qualifications 1.000
## Income -0.282
## Average_time_outdoors 0.641
## Summed_PA_min -0.224
## Smoking -4.145
## Disability -2.319
## Deprivation_Index 0.406
## Population_density -0.467
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.407
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3017
## Sex < 2e-16
## Age < 2e-16
## BMI 0.0485
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0209
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 0.0926
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0412
## EducationNone of the above 0.0755
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0233
## EducationOther professional qualifications 0.3172
## Income 0.7783
## Average_time_outdoors 0.5213
## Summed_PA_min 0.8231
## Smoking 3.43e-05
## Disability 0.0204
## Deprivation_Index 0.6851
## Population_density 0.6406
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.1593
##
## (Intercept) ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt
## Sex ***
## Age ***
## BMI *
## EducationCollege or University Degree *
## EducationCSEs or equivalent .
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent *
## EducationNone of the above .
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent *
## EducationOther professional qualifications
## Income
## Average_time_outdoors
## Summed_PA_min
## Smoking ***
## Disability *
## Deprivation_Index
## Population_density
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.527 on 9143 degrees of freedom
## (6 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1656, Adjusted R-squared: 0.164
## F-statistic: 100.8 on 18 and 9143 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.9283168058
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.0090457668
## Sex 0.2681334613
## Age -0.2315199562
## BMI -0.0265815455
## EducationCollege or University Degree 0.0058636907
## EducationCSEs or equivalent -0.0097360493
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 0.0024791562
## EducationNone of the above -0.0060474202
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 0.0061036185
## EducationOther professional qualifications -0.0295561764
## Income -0.0124115629
## Average_time_outdoors -0.0051203412
## Summed_PA_min -0.0001454280
## Smoking -0.0569602284
## Disability -0.0568365547
## Deprivation_Index -0.0005985697
## Population_density -0.0293365091
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0152428029
## 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 5.050494e+00
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 2.802742e-03
## Sex 3.490486e-01
## Age -1.997605e-01
## BMI -8.973488e-05
## EducationCollege or University Degree 7.169590e-02
## EducationCSEs or equivalent 1.275447e-01
## EducationNational Vocational Qualification or equivalent 1.213092e-01
## EducationNone of the above 1.237789e-01
## EducationO levels/General Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent 8.348850e-02
## EducationOther professional qualifications 9.114249e-02
## Income 9.293784e-03
## Average_time_outdoors 1.010095e-02
## Summed_PA_min 1.156526e-04
## Smoking -2.038415e-02
## Disability -4.765571e-03
## Deprivation_Index 9.108382e-04
## Population_density 1.805127e-02
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 2.501959e-0312) Crude models requested by Reviewer 2: using only 3 covariates: age, sex, and ethnic background
12.1) 1000m buffer
12.1.1) Cognitive Function
Association of natural environment with Trail-making Test B-A (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.492, -10.474, -2.668, 7.132, 179.467
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.67570 0.76184 37.640 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.06490 0.07599 -0.854 0.393
## Age 5.17089 0.23015 22.468 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.18824 0.34120 0.552 0.581
## Race -5.83831 1.38576 -4.213 2.54e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04362, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04328
## F-statistic: 129.3 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.1823730 30.16903460
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2138423 0.08404903
## Age 4.7197547 5.62201664
## Sex -0.4805831 0.85705819
## Race -8.5546500 -3.12197959Association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.72, -2.555, 0.288, 2.88, 63.496
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.38579 0.18562 104.438 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05549 0.01851 2.997 0.00273 **
## Age -2.67954 0.05608 -47.785 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -0.09864 0.08313 -1.186 0.23547
## Race 2.11148 0.33764 6.254 4.15e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.377 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.17, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1697
## F-statistic: 580.5 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.02194057 19.74963865
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.01920379 0.09178481
## Age -2.78946187 -2.56962636
## Sex -0.26159323 0.06432216
## Race 1.44964479 2.77331126Moderation by sex: Trail-making Test B-A (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.212, -10.472, -2.653, 7.146, 179.621
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.69886 0.76206 37.660 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.06704 0.07601 -0.882 0.378
## Sex -0.68540 0.79752 -0.859 0.390
## Age 5.17383 0.23016 22.480 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -5.85576 1.38581 -4.226 2.4e-05 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.18356 0.15146 1.212 0.226
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04374, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04332
## F-statistic: 103.7 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.2050923 30.19263148
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.2160263 0.08193975
## Sex -2.2486882 0.87788102
## Age 4.7226870 5.62498069
## Race -8.5721873 -3.13933599
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.1133233 0.48044324Moderation by sex: Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.732, -2.55, 0.297, 2.877, 63.479
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.38991 0.18568 104.426 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.05511 0.01852 2.976 0.00293 **
## Sex -0.25422 0.19432 -1.308 0.19082
## Age -2.67902 0.05608 -47.772 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 2.10837 0.33766 6.244 4.42e-10 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex 0.03269 0.03690 0.886 0.37574
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.377 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.17, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1697
## F-statistic: 464.6 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.02594679 19.75388066
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.01881130 0.09141272
## Sex -0.63512298 0.12668648
## Age -2.78894402 -2.56909415
## Race 1.44649576 2.77024624
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.03964824 0.1050269412.1.2) Brain Volume
Association of natural environment with grey matter volume (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.494, -23.433, 0.295, 24.038, 171.318
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 788.9824 1.5175 519.907 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4621 0.1514 3.053 0.00227 **
## Age -36.9131 0.4584 -80.518 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 25.0781 0.6797 36.898 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.5234 2.7604 0.552 0.58104
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4419, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4417
## F-statistic: 2245 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.0077265 791.9570310
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1653612 0.7587482
## Age -37.8117388 -36.0144710
## Sex 23.7458085 26.4103337
## Race -3.8874288 6.9342224Association of natural environment with white matter volume (significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.135, -26.227, -1.059, 24.419, 186.755
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.1136 1.6339 429.101 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4830 0.1630 2.964 0.00304 **
## Age -16.8803 0.4936 -34.198 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -9.0975 0.7318 -12.432 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.7943 2.9721 -0.940 0.34714
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09885, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09854
## F-statistic: 311 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 697.9108281 704.3163371
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1635794 0.8024685
## Age -17.8478861 -15.9128002
## Sex -10.5319533 -7.6631070
## Race -8.6200234 3.0314536Association of natural environment with hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.602, -0.3112, 0.0258, 0.3417, 5.7042
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.9995238 0.0222687 224.509 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0002966 0.0022213 -0.134 0.89376
## Age -0.2155525 0.0067279 -32.039 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.2851969 0.0099757 28.589 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.1143976 0.0405054 -2.824 0.00475 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5251 on 11333 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1629, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1626
## F-statistic: 551.4 on 4 and 11333 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.95587331 5.043174363
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.00465073 0.004057436
## Age -0.22874030 -0.202364707
## Sex 0.26564279 0.304751062
## Race -0.19379509 -0.035000048Moderation by sex: Grey Matter (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -172.711, -23.35, 0.28, 24.146, 171.631
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 788.8994 1.5178 519.775 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4697 0.1514 3.103 0.00192 **
## Sex 28.2082 1.5884 17.759 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -36.9237 0.4584 -80.550 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.5859 2.7601 0.575 0.56558
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.6577 0.3017 -2.180 0.02926 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4422, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4419
## F-statistic: 1798 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 785.9243120 791.87450293
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1730208 0.76647074
## Sex 25.0946239 31.32171667
## Age -37.8222031 -36.02513230
## Race -3.8243166 6.99612799
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -1.2489558 -0.06636908Moderation by sex: White Matter (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -148.379, -26.216, -1.109, 24.351, 186.277
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.0777 1.6344 428.939 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.4863 0.1630 2.983 0.00286 **
## Sex -7.7450 1.7105 -4.528 6.02e-06 ***
## Age -16.8849 0.4936 -34.205 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.7673 2.9722 -0.931 0.35185
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.2842 0.3248 -0.875 0.38168
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09891, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09852
## F-statistic: 248.9 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 697.8739351 704.2815249
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt 0.1668127 0.8058820
## Sex -11.0978760 -4.3920984
## Age -17.8525145 -15.9173004
## Race -8.5933874 3.0588389
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.9209285 0.3525652Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5993, -0.3114, 0.0257, 0.3422, 5.706
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.9993145 0.0222766 224.420 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.0002772 0.0022220 -0.125 0.90071
## Sex 0.2930939 0.0233170 12.570 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -0.2155790 0.0067285 -32.040 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.1142398 0.0405091 -2.820 0.00481 **
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.0016591 0.0044278 -0.375 0.70788
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5251 on 11332 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1629, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1626
## F-statistic: 441.1 on 5 and 11332 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.95564863 5.042980450
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt -0.00463265 0.004078219
## Sex 0.24738860 0.338799290
## Age -0.22876806 -0.202390004
## Race -0.19364460 -0.034834950
## Natural_environment_1000m_10pcnt:Sex -0.01033836 0.00702009812.2) 300m buffer
12.2.1) Cognitive Function
Association of natural environment with Trail-making Test B-A (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age +
## Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.46, -10.463, -2.665, 7.129, 179.368
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.62023 0.72958 39.228 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.06486 0.06941 -0.935 0.350
## Age 5.16935 0.23002 22.474 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.19217 0.34117 0.563 0.573
## Race -5.85437 1.38445 -4.229 2.37e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04363, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0433
## F-statistic: 129.3 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.1901268 30.05033370
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.2009074 0.07118431
## Age 4.7184742 5.62021925
## Sex -0.4765807 0.86092429
## Race -8.5681222 -3.14061340Association of natural environment with Symbol Digit Substitution (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.745, -2.55, 0.287, 2.87, 63.537
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.49718 0.17780 109.660 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.03643 0.01691 2.154 0.0313 *
## Age -2.67557 0.05605 -47.732 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -0.10203 0.08314 -1.227 0.2198
## Race 2.14204 0.33739 6.349 2.25e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.378 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1697, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1694
## F-statistic: 579.2 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.148664365 19.84568971
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.003277954 0.06958603
## Age -2.785446939 -2.56569390
## Sex -0.265000995 0.06094566
## Race 1.480707758 2.80337824Moderation by sex: Trail-making Test B-A (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Trails_B_A~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Trails_B_A ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt * Sex +
## Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Trail making test (B-A; sec)
## VALUES:
## -132.09, -10.482, -2.639, 7.188, 179.848
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 28.64134 0.72953 39.260 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.06796 0.06941 -0.979 0.328
## Sex -0.93410 0.62629 -1.491 0.136
## Age 5.16688 0.22998 22.466 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -5.86877 1.38424 -4.240 2.26e-05 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.29706 0.13854 2.144 0.032 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 17.96 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04402, Adjusted R-squared: 0.0436
## F-statistic: 104.4 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 27.21133379 30.07134743
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.20401730 0.06809034
## Sex -2.16173183 0.29352479
## Age 4.71606979 5.61768310
## Race -8.58212137 -3.15540959
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.02551082 0.56861801Moderation by sex: Symbol Digit Substitution (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Symbol.Digit~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Symbol.Digit ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Symbol digit substitution test (correct matches)
## VALUES:
## -23.746, -2.549, 0.289, 2.871, 63.536
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 19.497478 0.177821 109.647 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.036388 0.016918 2.151 0.0315 *
## Sex -0.118091 0.152655 -0.774 0.4392
## Age -2.675606 0.056058 -47.730 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 2.141838 0.337405 6.348 2.26e-10 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex 0.004237 0.033768 0.125 0.9002
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 4.378 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1697, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1693
## F-statistic: 463.4 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 19.14891858 19.84603767
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.00322507 0.06955043
## Sex -0.41732170 0.18113917
## Age -2.78548832 -2.56572299
## Race 1.48046592 2.80320939
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.06195341 0.0704272212.2.2) Brain Volume
Association of natural environment with grey matter volume (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.681, -23.365, 0.329, 24.121, 171.555
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 789.4448 1.4532 543.229 <2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4417 0.1382 3.195 0.0014 **
## Age -36.8993 0.4582 -80.537 <2e-16 ***
## Sex 25.0500 0.6796 36.861 <2e-16 ***
## Race 1.6555 2.7577 0.600 0.5483
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.78 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.442, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4418
## F-statistic: 2245 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.596215 792.2934398
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.170732 0.7127094
## Age -37.797433 -36.0012537
## Sex 23.717947 26.3821135
## Race -3.750047 7.0609672Association of natural environment with white matter volume (significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.611, -26.22, -1.111, 24.275, 187.756
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.8596 1.5649 448.503 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3836 0.1489 2.577 0.00998 **
## Age -16.8550 0.4934 -34.163 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex -9.1270 0.7318 -12.472 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.5871 2.9695 -0.871 0.38365
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11339 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09868, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09837
## F-statistic: 310.4 on 4 and 11339 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 698.79211050 704.9270298
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.09182214 0.6754375
## Age -17.82213185 -15.8879595
## Sex -10.56137951 -7.6925363
## Race -8.40789077 3.2336898Association of natural environment with hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt + Age + Sex + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt +
## Age + Sex + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5958, -0.3113, 0.026, 0.3411, 5.7052
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.007435 0.021324 234.822 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002727 0.002029 -1.344 0.17907
## Age -0.215222 0.006723 -32.011 < 2e-16 ***
## Sex 0.285213 0.009974 28.596 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.112320 0.040464 -2.776 0.00552 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.525 on 11333 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.163, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1627
## F-statistic: 551.9 on 4 and 11333 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.965635787 5.049234779
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006704136 0.001250909
## Age -0.228401530 -0.202043118
## Sex 0.265662717 0.304764224
## Race -0.191635929 -0.033003260Moderation by sex: Grey Matter (significant)
summary_confint(lm(Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Grey_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Grey matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -173.005, -23.384, 0.248, 24.213, 172.056
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 789.3983 1.4531 543.258 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.4486 0.1382 3.245 0.00118 **
## Sex 27.5317 1.2474 22.071 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -36.8939 0.4581 -80.540 < 2e-16 ***
## Race 1.6872 2.7571 0.612 0.54059
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.6546 0.2759 -2.372 0.01770 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 35.77 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4423, Adjusted R-squared: 0.442
## F-statistic: 1798 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 786.5500212 792.2466025
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.1775634 0.7195480
## Sex 25.0865292 29.9769146
## Age -37.7918178 -35.9959825
## Race -3.7172834 7.0916528
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -1.1954477 -0.1136856Moderation by sex: White Matter (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = White_matter_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: White matter volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -146.358, -26.165, -1.122, 24.372, 187.552
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 701.8407 1.5650 448.447 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.3864 0.1489 2.595 0.00947 **
## Sex -8.1216 1.3436 -6.045 1.54e-09 ***
## Age -16.8528 0.4934 -34.158 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -2.5742 2.9696 -0.867 0.38603
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.2652 0.2972 -0.892 0.37227
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 38.53 on 11338 degrees of freedom
## (104 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09875, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09835
## F-statistic: 248.5 on 5 and 11338 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 698.77295893 704.9084922
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt 0.09452514 0.6782725
## Sex -10.75517034 -5.4879547
## Age -17.81994753 -15.8857335
## Race -8.39515922 3.2466630
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.84774013 0.3173775Moderation by sex: Average hippocampal volume (not significant)
summary_confint(lm(Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3~Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt*Sex + Age + Race, CogsBrainCov.df2))## [[1]]
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Avg_Hippocampal_volume_adjusted_T2_cm3 ~ Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt *
## Sex + Age + Race, data = CogsBrainCov.df2)
##
## Residuals:
## LABEL: Average hippocampal volume at imaging study entry (adjusted for head size; mm^3)
## VALUES:
## -3.5886, -0.31, 0.0254, 0.3396, 5.7073
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.007011 0.021325 234.792 < 2e-16 ***
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.002663 0.002030 -1.312 0.18946
## Sex 0.307694 0.018313 16.802 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -0.215170 0.006723 -32.004 < 2e-16 ***
## Race -0.112034 0.040462 -2.769 0.00563 **
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.005929 0.004051 -1.464 0.14331
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.525 on 11332 degrees of freedom
## (110 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1632, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1628
## F-statistic: 442 on 5 and 11332 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
##
## [[2]]
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 4.965209461 5.048811976
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt -0.006641505 0.001314948
## Sex 0.271797294 0.343590374
## Age -0.228349212 -0.201991762
## Race -0.191346832 -0.032720307
## Natural_environment_300m_10pcnt:Sex -0.013869453 0.002011221